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42 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
What is an electrolyte?
A substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts electric current.
What is the Tyndall effect used for?
It's a property that can be used to distinguish between a solution and a colloid.
When does the Tyndall effect occur?
When light is scattered scattered by colloidal particles dispersed in a transparent medium.
What is a solution?
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase.
In a _______, atoms, molecules, or ions are thoroughly mixed, resulting in a mixture that has the same composition and properties throughout.
solution
What is a suspension?
A mixture in which the particles in the solvent are so large that they settle out unless the mixture is constantly stirred. (Ex: jar of muddy water)
What are the dimensions of particles in a solution?
0.01 to 1 nm in diameter.
What are the dimensions of particles in a suspension?
Over 1000 nm in diameter.
What are the dimensions of particles in a colloid?
Between 1 nm and 1000 nm in diameter.
What is are colloids?
Mixtures formed by particles that are intermediate in size between those in solutions and suspensions.
What is the Tyndall effect?
The scattering of light by colloidal particles.
he amount of solute that can be dissolved in a definite amount of solvent is used as the measure of _________.
solubility
What is solution equilibrium?
The physical state in which the opposing processes of dissolution and crystallization of a solute occur at equal rates.
What is hydration?
The solution process with water as the solvent.
What does Henry's Law state?
The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas on the surface of the liquid.
Liquids that dissolve freely in one another in any proportion are __________.
miscible
Liquids that are not soluble in each other are _________.
inmiscible
What is effervescence?
The rapid escape of a gas from a liquid in which is it dissolved.
What is the enthalpy of solution?
The net amount of energy absorbed as heat by the solution when a specific amount of solute dissolves in a solvent.
What is molarity?
The number of moles of solute in one liter of solution.
molarity (M) = ?
amount of solute (mol)
------------------------------
volume of solution (L)
What is molality?
The concentration of a solution expressed in moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
molality = ?
moles solute
---------------------------
mass of solvent (kg)
How does hydration occur?
As hydrated ions diffuse into the solution, other ions are exposed and are drawn away from the crystal surface by the solvent. The entire crystal gradually dissolves, and hydrated ions become uniformly distributed in the solution.
Ions that are dissolved with water are said to be _________.
hydrated
What does it mean for something to be solvated?
It's combined with molecules of a solvent.
What are alloys?
Solid solutions in which the atoms of two or more metals are uniformly mixed.
Increasing the surface area of the solute _________ the rate of dissolution.
increases
Agitation of a solute _________ the rate of dissolution.
increases
How does agitation of a solute increase the rate of dissolution?
By dispersing the solute particles and bringing fresh solvent into contact with the solute surface.
How does increasing the surface area of the solute increase the rate of dissolution?
The more finely divided a substance is, the greater the surface area per unit mass and the more quickly it dissolves.
Heating a solvent _________ the rate of dissolution.
increases
Why does the heating of a solvent increase the rate of dissolution?
As the temperature of the solvent increases, solvent molecules move faster, and their average kinetic energy increases. Therefore, at high temperatures, collisions between the solvent molecules and the solute are more frequent and are of higher energy than those at lower temperatures.
What is a saturated solution?
A solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute.
What is an unsaturated solution?
A solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution under the existing conditions.
What is a supersaturated solution?
A solution that contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution contains under the same conditions.
What is the effect of pressure on solubility?
Changes in pressure have very little effect on the solubilities of liquids or solids in liquid solvents.
Increases in pressure ________ gas solubilities in liquids.
increase
Increasing the temperature usually _______ gas solubility.
decreases
Why does increasing temperature usually decrease gas solubility?
As temperature increases, the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a solution increases. A greater number of solute molecules are able to escape from the attraction of solvent molecules and return to the gas phase. So at higher temperatures, equilibrium is reached with fewer gas molecules in solution, and gases are generally less soluble.
Increasing the temperature generally __________ the solubility of solids.
increases
An equivalent temperature increase can result in a large _______ in solubility or some solvents and only a slight change for others.
increase