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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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matter
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anything that has mass and takes up space
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law of the conservation of energy
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energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can change form
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law of the conservation of mass
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matter cannot be created or destroyed in ordinary physical or chemical changes
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How to convert from Celcius to Kelvin and vice versa
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Celcius to Kelvin= +273.18
Kelvin to Celcius= -273.18 |
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accuracy vs. precision
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accuracy-a description of how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity measured
presicion-the exactness of a measurement |
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isotope
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an atom that has the same number of protons as other atoms of the same element do but that has a different number of neutrons
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mass number
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the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
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atom number
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the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; the atomic number is the same for all atoms in an element
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average atomic mass
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the weighted average of the masses of all naturaly occuring isotopes of an element
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Pauli Exclusion Principle
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two particles of a certain class cannot be in exactly the same energy state
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Hund's Rule
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for an atom in the ground state, the number of unpaired electrons is the maximum possilbe, and these unpaired electrons have the same spin
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Aufbau Principle
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the structure of each successive element is obtained by adding one proton to the nucleus of the atom and one electron to the lowest enerby orbital that is available.
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Ion
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an atom, radical, or molecule that has gained or lost one electron and has a negative or positive charge
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Covalent Bond
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a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
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the formula for an acid always begins....
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with the letter H
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Synthesis Reaction
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a reaction in which two or more substances react to form a new compound
a+b-->ab |
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Linear
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1 bonding electron, 3 lone pairs
2 bonding electrons, 0 lone pairs |
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Bent
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2 bonding electrons, 2 lone pairs
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pyramidal
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3 bonding electrons, 1 lone pair
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tetrahedral
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4 bonding electrons, 0 lone pairs
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trigonal planar
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3 bonding electrons, 0 lone pairs
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combustion reaction
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the oxidation reaction of an organic compound, in which heat is released
always uses hydrocarbon |
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decomposition reaction
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a reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances
AB --> a+b |
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double displacement reaction
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a reaction in which a compound forms from the apparent exchange of atoms or ions between two compounds
HCl + NaOH -->HOH + NaCl |
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single displacement reaction
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a single element reacts with a compound and displaces another element from the compound
2Al + 3CuCl2 --> 2AlCl3 + 3Cu |
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molar mass
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the mass in grams of 1 mol of a substance
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in a chemical compound covalent bonds form when
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pairs of electrons are shared between two nonmetal atoms
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atoms of copper and iron tend to form
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cations POSITIVE
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and ion and its parent atom have the same
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ATOMIC NUMBER
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which of the following is not a property of an ionic compound
low boiling point brittleness hardness molten compound conducts electricity |
LOW BOILING POINT
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compared with ionic compounds, molecular compounds...
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have lower melting points
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what is the metallic ion in the compound CuCl2
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Cu2+
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The chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons is a
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covalent bond
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a ciompound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond between a cation and an anion is...
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an ionic ccompound
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in naming a binary ionic compound the name of the ___ apears before the name of the___
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metal, nonmetal
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in a covalent bond, shared electrons move within a space called a ___ ___
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molecular orbital
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what is the metallic ion in the compound CuCl2
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Cu2+
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The chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons is a
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covalent bond
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a ciompound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond between a cation and an anion is...
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an ionic ccompound
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in naming a binary ionic compound the name of the ___ apears before the name of the___
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metal, nonmetal
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in a covalent bond, shared electrons move within a space called a ___ ___
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molecular orbital
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a molecule is a neutrally charged group of atoms held together by one or more _______ _______
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covalent bonds
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how is a covalent bond formed
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when electrons are shared by 2 elements on the molecular orbital
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for an electron in an atojm to change from the ground state to an excited state....
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energy must be absorbed
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elements in a group have similar
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properties
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two which group of the periodic table to lithium and potassium belong
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alkali metals
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the elements in group 17 are known by what name
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halogens
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which is the best reason that the atomic radius generally increases in each group of elements?
-the nuclear charge increases the number of neutrons -increases -the number of energy levels increases -a new octet |
the number of energy levels increases
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an electron that is found in the outermost energy level of an atom and determines an atoms chemical properties is called a
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valence electron
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Bohr
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planetary model
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the statement that only two electrons may occupy an oribital is known as
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pauli's exclusion principle
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the statement that electrons fill up lower energy levels before occupying higher levels is known as the
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Aufbau Principle
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Why does a water molecule have a bent shape?
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oxygen attracts the shared pairs more strongly than either hydrogen does, making the molecule polar and bent. Because it is bent, the polarities do not cancel out
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properties of ionic compounds
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-hi boiling/melting points
-good conductor as a liquid -hard and brittle |
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matter includes all of the following except
air light smoke water vapor |
light
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all of the following are examples of units except
weight kilometer gram teaspoon |
weight
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in any chemical or physical process, energy is neither created nor destroyed
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law of conservation of energy
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a temp of 323 K = ___C
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50 C
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five darts strike at the center of the target. Whoever threew the darts is
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both accurate and precise
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**IN division and multiplication, the answer must not have more sig figs than the
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number in the calculation wiht the fewest sig figs
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energy is transferred from hot water to a cup. this energy is in the form of ____
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heat energy
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two types of matter that are pure substances are ____ and _____
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elements and compounds
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the capacity to do work or produce light is known as
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energy
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a chemical reaction that releases energy is a ____ ____
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exothermic reaction
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the avg kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter is its
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temp
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during the process of a phase change, heat is being added to the substance, but the temp remains constant. using what you know about the law of conservation of energy, explain why the temp is constant during a phase change
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during a phase change, (ice melting)i the energy from ehat is being used to make this change by breaking up particfles not warming the substanced. Energy is never created nor destroyed, so in this case all the energy must be used to complete the process of ice --> H2O
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explain diference between hetero and homogenous mixture. give ex
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a homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which all the properties of the substance are spread equally throughout the mixture. (sweetened tea)
a heterogeounous mixture is a mixture in which the propterties of a substance are not spread evenly throughout the mixture (chocolate chip cookies) |
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isotopes of an element contain different numbers of
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neutrons
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what did rutherford conclude about the structure of the atom?
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an atom contains a small, dense, positivelyt charged region
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most of the volume of the atom is occupied by the
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electron cloud
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the law that states that mass cannot be created or destroyed in ordinary chemical and physical changes is known as the law of
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conservation of mass
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according to Dalton's atomic theory, atoms of each element are
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identical in size, mass, and other properties
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atoms become charged by
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losing electrons
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an aluminum isotope consists of 13 protons 13 electrons 14 neutrons. mass number=?
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27
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the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called the
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atomic number
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the mass in grams of 1 mol of a substance is its
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molar mass
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coined term "atom"
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democritus
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why do chemists work with moles instead of individual atoms?
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moles are used as coundintg units. they make conversions from grams --> atoms easier
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how did scientists know that atoms must contain neutrons?
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because the mass of the electrons protons and nucleus did not equal the total mass of the atom, hence the neutron
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isotopes of an element have different
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atomic masses
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atoms of the same element must contain the same number of
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protons
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phosphite
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-3
PO 2 |
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phosphate
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3-
PO 4 |
