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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why is there such diversity in organic structures?
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-Because of Carbon -Can form a strong, C-C bond -a tetravalence (4 bonds) with C -The affinity of C for bonding with other small atoms and to form multiple bonds |
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What are the four hydrocarbon groups? |
1) Alkanes 2) Alkenes 3) Alkynes 4) Aromatic |
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What is saturated fat? |
-An alkane -only carbon-carbon single bonds |
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What is unsaturated fat? |
-Can be alkenes (one or more carbon-carbon double bonds) -Can be alkynes (one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds) -Can be arenes (one or more benzene-like rings) |
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What are Alkanes? |
-Alkanes are completely saturated with hydrogen atoms -contains only C-C bonds -Free rotation about C-C bond, except for in rings -Hydrophobic -Only force between alkane atoms are London Dispersion Forces |
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Why do longer carbon chains have a higher boiling point? |
-Increased length with carbon chains increases boiling points -This is because all the energy holding the chain together focuses on only two points for each carbon atom -This requires more force to break these bonds |
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What are the bond angles of Alkanes? |
Tetrahedral |
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What are conformational isomers? |
-Isomers with same molecular formula, but with different atomic connectivity -They have different chemical and physical properties |
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What is isomerism? |
-When chemical compounds have structures that are different although the compounds possess the same elements
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What is an isomer? |
-Two or more chemical substances having the same element compositional/molecular weight, but different in structure |
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What happens with a carbon atom 'eclipses' |
-When the satellite atoms in a carbon-carbon molecule eclipse, the electron clouds meet -This causes the electrons to enter a higher energy state |
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When naming an organic structure, what are the three questions that need to be answered? |
1) How many carbons are in the chain? 2) What is the longest chain? 3) Are there any double bonds? |
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What is the prefix for each number of carbons in a chain, up to ten? |
1) meth 2) eth 3) prop 4) but 5) pent 6) hex 7) hept 8) oct 9) non 10) dec |
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What prefix is added if the molecule has a ring? |
Cyclo |
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What happens if a molecule has a branch? |
1) Find the longest chain in the molecule 2) Count from the end closest to the branch 3) Count how many carbons are in the branch 4) Name by numbering the amount of carbons from the end of the longest chain 5) Insert the appropriate number prefix followed by "yl" 6) Followed by the rest of the normal compound name |
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What are some properties of cycloalkanes? |
-They are less flexible than open chain alkanes (less conformational freedom) -<5 carbon rings in a chain causes strain since the bond angel is less than favourable 109.5°. -Rings larger than 3 carbon atoms are not flat |
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What are alkenes and alkynes? |
-Alkenes are molecules with at least one carbon-carbon double bond -Alkynes are molecules with at least one carbon-carbon triple bond (1 sigma, 2 pi bonds) -Much more reactive than alkanes |
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How many double bonds does a Diene have? |
-A Diene is an alkene with 2 double bonds |
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How many double bonds does a polyene have? |
-A polyene is an alkane with >2 double bonds |
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In Organic Reactions, what is the first rate determining step? |
-An example would be when an electron rich alkene attacks an electron deficient (acidic) proton -The electron deficient proton gives its proton (hydrogen nucleus) to the alkene and leaves it with a negative charge. |
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In Organic Reactions, what is the second rate determining step? |
-If an electron deficient molecule gives a proton to an alkene, the alkene will quickly settle into a low energy state -The process of taking the proton however causes a high energy state |
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What is an electrophilic addition (regioselective reaction)? |
The addition of a proton to a molecule |
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What is halogenation (stereoselective reaction)? |
The addition of bromine to an alkene is an example |
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What happens when an alkene is reduced? |
Reduction is reducing an alkene down to an alkane. |
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What are the rules for Aromatic compounds? |
-They must be planar -Have at least one p ortbital on each atom of the ring |
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What is a substituent? |
A branch off the main chain/ring of a molecule |
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When a benzene ring has two substituents, there are how many constitutional isomers? |
There are three constitutional isomers |
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What is a constitutional isomer? |
A structural isomers are compounds with the same chemicals, but different atomic bonds. |
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What are properties of a aromatic compound reaction? |
-Electrons are delocalised, stabilising aromatic compound -Aromatic compound does not readily undergo addition reactions -They undergo substitution reactions (electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction (EAS)) |
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What is a substitution reaction? |
-Where hydrogen in a compound is replaced by a substituent -Also called electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction (EAS) |
