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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three fundamental classes of dimensions?
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Dimensions, SI unit, CGS unit
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What are the three units of dimensions?
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Length, mass, time
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What are the three SI units?
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Meter, kilogram, second
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What are the three CGS units?
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Centimeter, gram, second
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What is force?
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Force is a vector that can be applied to a certain object in a certain direction
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What is the formula for force?
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Force = Mass x Acceleration
F = kg x m/s2 (SI) F = g x cm/s2 (CGS) |
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What is a Newton?
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A force that gives a mass of one kilogram and an acceleration of 1m/s2
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What is pressure?
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The force applied to a surface
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What is the formula for pressure?
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Pressure = Force/Surface Area
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How is pressure expressed in SI unit?
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In Pascals
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How does a Pascal relate to a Newton?
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One Pascal = The pressure of one Newton over an area of one square meter.
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How is one Pascal expressed in one Newton?
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One Pascal = One Newton/m2
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What does one bar equal?
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100,000 Pascal or one atmosphere
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What is atmosphere?
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It is the pressure exerted by air over 100,000 square meters
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What does one atmosphere equal?
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760mmHg mercury
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What does one Torr equal?
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1mmHg mercury
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If one atmosphere = 750mmHg mercury and one Torr = 1mmHg mercury, how many Torrs equal 750mmHg?
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750 Torr
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What is the density of mercury?
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13.6g/cm3
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What is the density of water?
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1g/cm3
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How many cm of water is equal to 1mmHg?
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1.36cm H20
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How does one determine absolute pressure?
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Absolute pressure = gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure
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How many cm3 does one Liter equal? What about one ml? What about 1ul?
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1000cm3, 1cm3 or 10-3,.001cm3 or 10-6
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What is temperature?
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A measure of the changing of kinetic energy within a molecule
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What is Celsius?
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It is the 1/100th of the difference between the temperature of freezing water and boiling water at a pressure of one atmosphere
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What is Kelvin?
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It is the absolute thermodynamic temperature scale
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What is the absolute zero of Kelvin?
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273.15C
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What system is Kelvin?
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SI
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What is the relationship between Kelvin and Celsius?
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Kelvin(K) = Celsius + 273.15
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Why is Kelvin important?
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Kelvin temperature is directly proportional to its kinetic energy. Thus, if Kelvin temperature increases 2x, it will correspond to a doubling of the kinetic energy of gases.
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What are the six rules pertaining to gases?
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Gas molecule size is extremely small compared to the distance between gas molecules. They behave in accord with classical laws of motion. Their movement is random. There are no attractive forces between gas molecules and molecules of container. Overall energy is conserved in collisions. Kinetic energy is proportional to absolute temperature
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What is the first gas law?
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Boyle's law states that at a constant temperature the volume of a mass of a gas is inversely proportional to the absolute pressure
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What is the formula for Boyle's law?
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P1V1 = P2V2
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What is the second gas law?
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Charles Law states that the volume of a mass of a gas at constant pressure is proportional to its absolute temperature
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What is the formula for Charles law?
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V1T2 = V2T1
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What is the third gas law?
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It states that at constant volume a doubling of temperature will result in doubling of pressure
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What is the formula for the 3rd gas law?
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P1/T1 = P2/T2
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What is Avogadro's gas law?
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An equal volume of gases at equal pressure and temperature will have the same number of molecules
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What is the Ideal Gas Law?
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PV = nRT
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What is the formula for the Ideal Gas Law?
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P1V1/n1T1 = P2V2/n2T2
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What is Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures?
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The pressure of each gas within a mixture of gases will be the same as if it were alone
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One mole of any gas at ATP occupies how many Liters? What is the formula?
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22.4L. V1/n1 = V2/n2
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What is the universal gas constant?
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PV/T is the constant for 1 mole of any gas
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What is the formula for the universal gas constant?
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P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
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What is the formula for determining partial pressure?
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(Barometric pressure x gas %)/100 = partial pressure of a gas
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How many atmospheres are equivalent to 30m below water level? 40m?
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4 atm, 5 atm
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Why are partial pressures important in physiology?
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Partial pressures show you the direction of diffusion of the gases. It determines how gases behave within the body.
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What direction do gases diffuse in?
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Higher pressure to lower pressure
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What is the atmospheric percentage of nitrogen?
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78.6 %
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What is the percentage of nitrogen in alveoli?
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74.9%
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What is the atmospheric percentage of oxygen?
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20.9%
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What is the percentage of oxygen in the alveoli?
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13.7%
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What is the percentage of O2 in the atmosphere? In alveoli?
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20.9%, 13.7%
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What is the percentage of CO2 in the atmosphere? In alveoli?
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0.04%, 5.2%
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What is the percentage of H2O in the atmosphere? In alveoli?
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0.46%, 6.2%
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What are the 5 characteristics of the membrane potential?
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1. Cell have membrane potential 2. Charges that are opposite are separated by a membrane 3. Charges accumulate in thin layers 4. The charge within a cell is relatively negative. 5. Accumulated charges are only a small fraction of the total number of ions
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What are the four ions responsible for membrane potential?
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Na+, K+, Cl-, and Proteins-
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What are the two roles of Na+ and K+ ions?
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Concentration and membrane permeability
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What is the extracellular concentration of Na+, K+, and A-?
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150mM/L, 5mM/L, 0mM/L
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What is the intracellular concentration of Na+, K+, and A-?
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15mM/L, 150mM/L, 65mM/L
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What percentage of membrane potential is responsible for negative cell charge?
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20%
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What is the membrane permeability of the Na+, K+, A-?
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1, 60, 0
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What percentage of membrane permeability is responsible for negative cell charge?
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80%
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What are the 5 elements of an action potential?
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Depolarization, repolarization, threshold, refractory period, and all-or-none law
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What is depolarization?
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The influx of sodium to initiate an action potential
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What is repolarization?
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The removal of a positive charge like potassium
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What is threshold?
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The minimal amount of stimulation required to initiate an action potential
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What is the all or none law?
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Either there is an action potential or no action potential
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What is refractory period?
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A period in which it is impossible to create the next action.
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What is absolute refractory?
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It is impossible to initiate an action potential
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What is relative refractory?
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It is still impossible to create an action potential
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What are the two types of action potential propogation?
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Local currents and saltatory conduction
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What characterizes local currents?
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Unmyelinated cells/neurons and slow action potential
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What characterizes saltatory conduction?
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Myelinated schwann cells with a change in potential in the nodes of Ranvier
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What is the importance of refractory period?
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Provides unidirectional propogation of the action potential. Can't move backward into refractory period.
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What two factors determine conduction velocity?
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Axon diameter and myelin
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What is a neuron?
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A functional unit of the central nervous system. It is an extremely specialized cell with unique qualities. It absolutely depends on uninterrupted supply of glucose and oxygen.
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What are the two types of transport within an axon of a neuron?
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Axoplasmatic (unidirectional) and axonal (bidirectional)
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What are the two ways axons are connected to one another?
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Convergence and divergence
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What are the two classifications of neurons?
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Afferent (sensory) and Efferent (motor)
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What the 5 types of supporting cells for neurons?
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Schwann, oligodendrites, microglia, astrocytes, and ependymal
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What are Schwann cells?
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A supporting cell that wraps around the neuron to form a myelin sheath.
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What is an oligodendrocyte?
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A supporting cell that wraps a myelin sheath around several neurons
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What are microglia?
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Supporting cells that are similar to the WBC of the periphery
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What is an astrocyte?
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Supporting cells found in close contact with endothelial wall of the brain capillaries and are part of the blood/brain barrier
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What are ependymal cells?
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Supporting cells that participate in the filtration and cleansing of CSF
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What are the major functions of the cerebral cortex?
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Sensory perception, voluntary control of movement, language, personality, sophisticated mental events (thinking, memory, decision making, creativity, self-consciousness)
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What are the major functions of the cerebral cortex?
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Sensory perception, voluntary control of movement, language, personality, and sophisticated mental events like thinking, memory, decision making, creativity, and self-consciousness
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What are the major functions of the basal nuclei?
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Inhibition of muscle tone, coordination of slow movements, and suppression of useless patterns of movement
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What are the major functions of the thalamus?
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Relay center for all synaptic input, sensation, consciousness, and motor control
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What are the major functions of the hypothalamus?
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Regulation of homeostasis (temperature, urine output, hunger, thirst), link to nervous and endocrine systems, emotions, behavior
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What is the cerebellum responsible for?
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Balance, muscle tone, coordination of voluntary movement.
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What is the brain stem responsible for?
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Peripheral cranial nerves, basic life support functions, regulation of muscle reflexes with equilibrium, posture, sleep center.
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What is a synapse?
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A space between two neurons
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What is a neuromuscular synapse?
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A space between a neuron and a muscle
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What is a neuroglandular synapse?
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A space between a neuron and a gland
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How fast is an action potential?
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100-120 m/s
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How many granules are released with each action potential?
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300
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How long does Acetylcholine bind to the post-synaptic receptor?
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2 milliseconds
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How is Acetylcholine broken down and what are the by-products?
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It is broken down by Acetylcholinesterase and the by-products are choline and acetate
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What happens to the acetate and choline once they are broken down by Acetylcholinesterase?
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Acetate is removed as a toxin through the urine and choline is reuptaken by the presynaptic neuron by cotransport with Acetylcoenzyme A. Together, they produce acetylcholine
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How does botulin work?
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It binds to the postsynaptic receptor to block the binding of acetylcholine and leads to the inability of the muscle to contract.
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How does spider venom work?
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It stimulates the release of acetylcholine to induce overcontraction symptoms like cramping, tetany, and pain
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