Chemistry And Matter

Front 1

Chemistry

Back 1

the study of the structure and interactions of matter

Front 2

Matter

Back 2

anything that occupies space and has mass

Front 3

Weight

Back 3

the force of gravity acting on matter

Front 4

Potential Energy

Back 4

stored energy in matter

Front 5

Kinetic energy

Back 5

actively involved in doing work

Front 6

Element

Back 6

-building blocks of matter
-117 elements
-26 elements in the human body

Front 7

O-
C-
H-
N-

Back 7

Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrongen
Nitrogen

Front 8

P-
K-
S-
Na-

Back 8

Phosphorus
Potassium
sulfur
chorine

Front 9

Mg-
Fe-
Ca-
I-

Back 9

magnesium
Iron
Calcuim
Iodine

Front 10

Atom

Back 10

smallest units of matter that retian the properties and charcteristics of the element

Front 11

Nucleus

Back 11

the dense central core of an atom

Front 12

Proton

Back 12

positively charged particles located in the nucleus

Front 13

Neutron

Back 13

uncharged (neutral) particles located in teh nucleus

Front 14

Electron

Back 14

negatively charged particles moving in orbits around the nucleus

Front 15

Atomic number

Back 15

number of PROTONS in the nucleus of an atom...number does nto change

Front 16

Mass Number

Back 16

number of PROTON together with the number of NEUTRONS...MN=P+N

Front 17

Isotopes

Back 17

atoms of an element with different number of NEUTRONS...differ in mass number

Front 18

Ion

Back 18

an atom has equal number of protons and electrons until they gain or lose and ELECTRON

Front 19

cation

Back 19

positively charged ion

Front 20

Anion

Back 20

negatively charged ion

Front 21

Compound

Back 21

two or more elements that are chemically combined

Front 22

Chemical bonding

Back 22

atoms chemically combine to form molecules...chemical bonding is the result of interations between electrons
Three types

Front 23

Ionic bonding

Back 23

-the attraction force that holds together ions with OPPOSITE charges
-atoms become positively or negatively charged ions by either denoting or accepting electrons
-positive ion combines with the negative ion to form the ionic bond

Front 24

Covalent bonding (Most important in body)

Back 24

-SHARING of electrons between two atoms
-sharing can be equal or unequal
-Three types

Front 25

Single covalent bonding

Back 25

One pair of electrons shared between two atoms
H-H

Front 26

Double covalent bonding

Back 26

two pairs of electron are shared between two atoms
O=O

Front 27

Triple covalent bond

Back 27

Three pairs of electrons are shared between atoms

Front 28

Nonpolar covalent bonding

Back 28

-equal sharing of electrons
-bonds between to IDENTICAL ATOMS
-hydrophobic

Front 29

Example Nonpolar covalent bond

Back 29

-bond between C+H=CH4

Front 30

Hydrophobic

Back 30

-do not dissolve in water
-All NONPOLAR molecules are hydrophobic

Front 31

Polar covalent bond

Back 31

-atoms share their electron unequally
-hydrophillic
-they have partial negative and partial positive charge

Front 32

Examples of Polar

Back 32

C-O
C-N
H-N
H-O
Oxygen and Nitrogen are both electronegative

Front 33

Hydrophillic

Back 33

-dissolves in water-attracted to water
-All POLAR molecules are hydrophilic

Front 34

Hydrogen bonding

Back 34

-a bond between hydrogen in one polar molecule and the electronegative atom
-Hydrogen bonds are weak
-provide strength, stability and help to maintain 3D shape to large molecules

Front 35

surface tension

Back 35

hydrogen bonds between water molecules create a strong attractive force

Front 36

Chemical reactions

Back 36

breaking of chemical bonds and the formation of new ones

Front 37

Reactants

Back 37

the starting of a substance

Front 38

Products

Back 38

the ending of a substance

Front 39

Chemical reactions example

Back 39

reactants: two H2 and one O2
Products: one H2O

2H2 + O2 = 2H2O

Front 40

Anabolism (Synthesis Reaction)

Back 40

-two or more atoms, ion, molecules combine to form new larger molecules
-usually absorb more energy then they release
-Example: combining amino acids to form proteins

Front 41

Catabolism (Decomposition Reaction)

Back 41

-large molecules, split up to smaller atoms, ions, molecules
-usually release more energy then they absorb
-Example:breaking down glucose to pyruvic acid + 2 molecules ATP

Front 42

Exchange Reactions

Back 42

consist of both anabolism and catabolism
AB + CD = AD + BC

Front 43

Decomposition Reaction (catabolism)

Back 43

large moleculessplit up to smaller atoms, ions, molecules

Front 44

Exchange Reactions

Back 44

consist of both anabolism and catabolism
AB + CD = AD + BC

Front 45

Reversible Reactions

Back 45

the products can revert to the original reactants
-many reversible reactions in the body need catalysts named enzymes

Front 46

Exergonic reaction

Back 46

-release more energy than they absorb
-reactants have more potential energy than the product
-excess energy is released into the environment
-this energy can be used to do useful work

Front 47

Endergonic reaction

Back 47

-absorb more energy than they release
-reactants have less potential energy than the product
-in order for occuring the reaction, energy must absorb from the environment (an input energy)

Front 48

Activation Energy

Back 48

the initial energy ("Kick start" energy) needed to start a chemical reaction

Front 49

Catalysts

Back 49

-substance that lower the activation energy needed to start a reaction
-catalysts are unchanged at the end of the reaction

Front 50

Enzymes

Back 50

-biochemical catalysts
-they can be reused over and over again
-they have very specific three-dimensional shapes
-They are vitally important for cellular processes

Front 51

Water

Back 51

5-5-60% of an adults body mass is water
-a partial negative charge near oxygen atom and two partial positive charges near hydrogen
-and excellent solvent for ionic or polar substances

Front 52

Chemistry of Water

Back 52

-Water acts as a SOLVENT
-one or more SOLUTES DISSOLVE in water to form a SOLUTION

Front 53

Hydolysis

Back 53

-water is a reactant
-as HOH splits, it breaks a bond in another reactant
-ex: A-B + HOH = A-H + B-OH
-hydrolysis reactions are breaking reactions

Front 54

Dehydration synthesis

Back 54

-water is a product
-As HOH forms, a new chemical bond between reactants is produced
-Ex: A-H + B-OH = A-B + HOH

Front 55

Lubricant

Back 55

water acts as a lubricant for cells

Front 56

Mucus fluid

Back 56

a thick viscous fluid

Front 57

Serous fluid

Back 57

a thin water fluid

Front 58

Acid (proton donor)

Back 58

a substance that dissolves in water and raises the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration
-acid can break down cells and cells can die

Front 59

Base (proton acceptor)

Back 59

a substance that disolves in water and lowers the hydrogen (H=) concentration
-body prefers base

Front 60

pH scale

Back 60

reflects the hydrogen ion concentration
1- increasingly acid
7- neutral
14- increasingly basic

Front 61

Blood pH

Back 61

7.35-7.45