Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
different forms of elements in the same physical state
|
allotrope
|
|
|
O2 and O3 are..?>
|
allotropes
|
|
|
reactant slowly added to solution of another reactant and measure amount for reaction
|
titration
|
|
|
plot curve of added volume vs. pH
|
titration
|
|
|
equivalence points = amounts of acid and base react - when indicator color changes
|
titration
|
|
|
uses a buret
|
titration
|
|
|
substances whose aqueous solutions conduct electricity well
|
electrolytes
|
|
|
number of electrons gained or lost by atoms in a binary compound
|
oxidation number
|
|
|
ternary acids
|
oxoacids
|
|
|
electromagnetic radiation causes electron emission from metal surface
|
photoelectric effect
|
|
|
can't know both momentum and position of particle
|
Heisenberg
|
|
|
giving lowest total energy
|
Aufbau principle
|
|
|
no two electrons have same 4 quantum numbers
|
pauli
|
|
|
occupy all orbitals of a sublevel before pairing
|
Hund's
|
|
|
effective nuclear charge is less than actual charge
|
shielding/screening
|
|
|
extracting free metals by heating an ore in air
|
Roasting
|
|
|
show valence electrons
|
Lewis dot formulas
|
|
|
achieve noble gas config
|
Octet
|
|
|
two or more Lewis structures
|
Resonance
|
|
|
formation of set of molecular orbits that extend over more than two atoms
|
delocalization
|
|
|
acid produces H+ in aqueous solution ; base produces OH-
|
Arrhenius
|
|
|
acid is a proton donor ; base is a proton accepter
|
Bronsted Lowry
|
|
|
acid accepts a share in electron pair, base donates a share in electron pair
|
Lewis Theory
|
|
|
differ by proton, weak acid yields strong conjugate base and vice versa
|
Conjugate acid-base pairs
|
|
|
ability to react as either acid or base
|
Amphoterism
|
|
|
both electrons furnished by one atom
|
coordinate covalent bond
|
|
|
process to determine concentration by measuring volume required to react with known amount of primary standard
|
standardization
|
|
|
measured by barometer
|
pressure
|
|
|
used to find molecular weights of volatile liquids
|
Dumas method
|
|
|
by Rudolf Clausius
|
kinetic theory
|
|
|
collisions are elastic, molecules travel in straight line until collide, gases contain discrete molecules
|
kinetic theory
|
|
|
escape of gas through tiny hole
|
effusion
|
|
|
movement of gas into a space or mixing with another gas
|
diffusion
|
|
|
weak attractive forces in molecules
|
London forces
|
|
|
vary as 1/d7 - only intermolecular forces among symmetric nonpolars
|
London forces
|
|
|
attraction of opposite partial charges ; vary as 1/d4
|
dipole - dipole
|
|
|
resistance to flow of a liquid
|
Viscosity
|
|
|
can measure with Ostwald device
|
viscosity
|
|
|
inward force to expand surface area of liquid
|
surface tension
|
|
|
surface of liquid
|
meniscus
|
|
|
no well-defined structure
|
amorphous
|
|
|
substances that crystallize in same type of lattice
|
isomorphous
|
|
|
substance that crystallizes in multiple forms
|
polymorphous
|
|
|
process of solvent molecules surrounding solute ions or molecules ; called hydration if water
|
solvation
|
|
|
ability of a liquid to dissolve in another ; add acid to water
|
Miscibility
|
|
|
solid and dissolved ions in equilibrium
|
saturated
|
|
|
high solute prepared at high temperature then cooled
|
supersaturated
|
|
|
physical properties depending on number not kind of solute particles
|
colligative properties
|
|
|
dispersed phase suspended in dispersing medium
|
colloid
|
|
|
scattering of light by colloidal particles
|
tyndall effect
|
|
|
coat particles of dispersed phase to prevent coagulation into separate phase
|
emulsifiers
|
|
|
overgrowth of vegetation because of high phosphorous concentration
|
Eutrophication
|
|
|
value depends only on current state - not how it got there
|
state function
|
|
|
measuring heat transfer between system and surroundings using calorimeter
|
calorimetry
|
|
|
heat content
|
enthalpy
|
|
|
system responds to stress at equilibrium in a way that reduces stres and reaches a new state of equilibrium
|
Le Chatlier's
|
|
|
behavior of solution in which same ion is produced byt wo different compounds
|
common ion effect
|
|
|
minimize changes in pH because basic component can react with H30 + ions and acidic component with OH ions
|
buffers
|
|
|
furnish two or more hydronium ions per mole
|
polyprotic
|
|
|
reaction of substance with the solvent in which it is dissolved ; hyrolysis if water
|
solvolysis
|
|
|
amount that oxidizes or reduces at each electrodie is directly proportional to the amount of electricity that passes through cell
|
Faraday's Law of Electrolysis
|
|
|
amount of electricity that reduces one equivalent weight at cathode and reduces at anode
|
faraday
|
|
|
redox process by which metals are oxidized by oxygen in presence of moisture - prevent by plating or galvanizing
|
corrosion
|
|
|
cell for electrolyzing Al
|
Hall-Heroult process
|
|
|
a Lewis base in a coordination compound
|
LIgand
|
|
|
a ligand that utilizes two or more donor atoms in bonding to metals
|
Chelate
|
|
|
deflects radiation using fluorescence
|
scintillation counter
|
|
|
detects radiation using water vapor - developed by wilson
|
cloud chamber
|
|
|
Geiger Muller Counter
|
Gas Ionization chamber
|
|
|
device for accelerating charged particles along spiral path
|
cyclotrons
|
|
|
state of matter at high temperatures at which all molecules are dissociated and most ionized
|
plasma
|
|
|
relates H spectrum wavelengths
|
Rydberg equation
|
|
|
small particles can display wave properties
|
De Broglie equation
|
|
|
solutions are possible energy states for electrons in atom ; Dirac incorporated relativity
|
Schrodinger Wave Equation
|
|
|
distance * magnitude of charge
|
Dipole moment
|
|
|
extends ideal gas law to real gases using two empiricals
|
van der Waals
|
|
|
relates temperature to vapor pressure and molar heat of vaporization
|
Clausius-Clapeyron equation
|
|
|
pressure of gas above solution is proportional to concentration of gas in solution
|
Henry's Law
|
|
|
vapor pressure of solvent is directlyy proportional to mole fraction of solute
|
Raoult's Law
|
|
|
enthalpy change is same as series of steps as if one reaction
|
hess' Law
|
|
|
relates rate constant to activation energy, temperature, and collision frequency
|
arrhenius equation
|
|
|
estimates equilibrium constant at another temperature
|
vant Hoff equation
|
|
|
calculates electrode potentials for concentrations and partial pressures other than standard values
|
Nernst equation
|
|
|
total energy in universe = constant
|
first law of thermodynamics
|
|
|
in spontaneous reactions universe tends towards greater entropy
|
Thermo2
|
|
|
states that the product of linear momentum and wavelength is Planck's constant
|
de Broglie's
|
|
|
gives the ratio of the numbers of particles in states with given eneries
|
Boltzmann distribution
|
|
|
gives proportion of molecules that have specific speed at particular temperature
|
Maxwell distribution
|
|
|
If A =thermo B, B =thermo C, then A =thermo C
|
Thermo0
|
|
|
used to estimate standard enthalpies of formation from molar heat capacities and reaction enthalpies at some other temperature
|
Kirchoff's Law
|
|
|
tried to measure internal pressure by observing change in temperature of a gas expanding in a vacuum
|
Joule
|
|
|
is partial of temperature with respect to pressure at constant enthalpy
|
Joule-Thompson
|
|
|
cooling by adiabatic expansion, such as the temperature difference is proportional to the pressure difference
|
Joule-Thompson effect
|
|
|
entropy increases
|
Thermo2
|
|
|
states that change in entropy is greater than or equal to the heat supplied to system during process divided by temperature
|
Clausius inequality
|
|
|
enthalpy minus temperature times entropy
|
Gibbs energy
|
|
|
states entropy change accompanying any physical or chemical change approaches zero as T --> 0
|
Nernst heat theroem
|
|
|
entropy of pure perfect crystalline substance = 0 at absolute 0
|
Thermo3
|
|
|
internal energy minus temperature times entropy ; equals the maximum work accompanying a process
|
helmholtz energy
|
|
|
derived from the fact that enthalpy and G, and Helmholtz energies are state functions
|
Maxwell relations
|
|
|
is an effective pressure
|
fugacity
|
|
|
Clapeyron equation is the slope of the phase boundary
|
Clapeyron equation
|
|
|
ratio of partial vapour pressure to its vapour pressure as a pure liquid is = to the mole fraction of the component in the mixture
|
Raoult's Law
|
|
|
vapor pressure of a solute is proportional to mole fraction but the constant of proportionality is not the pure substance's vapor pressure
|
Henry's
|
|
|
measures molar mass from freezing point depression
|
cryoscopy
|
|
|
osmotic pressure = molar concentration of solute times R times temperature
|
vant hoff equation
|
|
|
states variance = number of components minus the number of phases plus 2 in a phase diagram
|
Gibbs' phase rule
|
|
|
evaporation occurs without a change in composition
|
azeotrope
|
|
|
energy density of electromagnetic field varies with fourth power of temperature
|
Stefan - Boltzmann
|
|
|
uses equipartition principle to calculate average energy of each oscillator ; predicts infinite energy density at short wavelengths
|
Rayleigh-Jeans Law
|
|
|
atom's energy change is carried away by a photon of frequency
|
Bohr frequency
|
|
|
shows relative positions of the electronic energy levels of a molecule
|
Jablonski diagrams
|
|
|
bright reflection should occur when two times distance - sin of glancing angle is an integral multiple of wavelength
|
Bragg's Law
|
|
|
spins alternate to antiferromagnetic phase
|
Neel point
|
|
|
spins align making ferromagnetic transition
|
Curie temparture
|
|
|
rate of effusion is inversely proportional to the square root of the molar mass
|
Graham's law
|
|
|
states flux of matter is porotional to the square root of the molar mass
|
Fick's first
|
|
|
= 1/3 of product of wavelength and mean speed for perfect gas
|
diffusion
|
