Chemistry

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Solution

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Homogeneous mixture of two or more substances with each substance retaining its own chemical identity.

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Solvent

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Component of a solution that is present in the greatest amount.

*MORE of

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Solute

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Component of a solution that i present in lesser amount relative to that of the solvent.

*LESS of

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Solubility

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Maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent under a given set of conditions.

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Saturated solution

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Solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved under the conditions at which the solution exists.

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Supersaturated solution

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Unstable solution that temporarily contains more dissolved solute than that present in a saturated solution.

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Unsaturated solution

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Solution that contains less than the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved under the conditions at which the solution exists.

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Concentrated solution

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Solution that contains a large amount of solute relative to the amount that could dissolve.

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Dilute solution

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Solution that contains a small amount of solute relative to the amount that could dissolve.

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Aqueous solution

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Solution in which water is the solvent.

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Nonaqueous solution

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Solution in which a substance other than water is the solvent.

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3 factors that affect the rate of solution formation

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1. state of subdivision of the solute
2. degree of agitation during solution preparation
3. temperature of the solution components

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Osmosis

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Passage of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane separating a dilute solution from a more concentrated solution.

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Semipermeable membrane

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Membrane that allows certain types of molecules to pass through it but prohibits the passage of other types of molecules.

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Osmolarity

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Product of a solutions molarity and number of particles produced per formula unit if the solute dissociates.

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Isotonic

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Solution with an osmotic pressure that is equal to that within cells.

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Hypotonic

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Solution with a lower osmotic pressure than that within cells.

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Hypertonic

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Solution with higher osmotic pressure than that within cells.

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Dialysis

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Process in which a semipermeable membrane allows the passage of a solvent, dissolved ions, and small molecules but blocks the passage of colloidal-sized particles and large molecules.

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Oxidation-Reduction (redox) reaction

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Chemical reaction in which there is a transfer of electrons from one reactant to another reactant

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Nonoxidation-Reduction raction

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No transfer of electrons from one reactant to another

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Oxidation

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Chemical reaction loses one or more electrons

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Reduction

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Gains one or more electrons