Chemistry

Front 1

represented by q, the energy that transfers from one object to another becuase of a temperature difference btwen them

Back 1

heat

Front 2

a process that absorbs heat from the surrondings

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endothermic

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the amount of heat it take to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1º c

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specific heat

Front 4

branch of chemistry that is concerned with heat changes during chemical reactions

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thermochemistry

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used to measure heat involved in a chemical process

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calorimeter

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the substance that is under study

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system

Front 7

represented delta H, the heat content of a system at standard pressure.

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entalpy

Front 8

in any chemical or physical process, energy is neither created nor destroyed

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law of conservation of energy

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the heat realeased by one mole of a substance in freezing, going from a liquid to solid, at a constant pressure.

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molar heat of solidification

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the amount of heat realased when one mole of vapor changes to a liquid

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molar heat of condensation

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cooking an egg is exonthermic or endothermic

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endothermic

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water condensing is exonthermic or endothermic

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exothermic

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water vaporizing

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endothermic

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a hot pack

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exothermic

Front 15

1 calories = ___ joule

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4.18J

Front 16

if an object has a lower specific heat, what does it mean

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it means the object gets hotter quickly.

Front 17

if an object has a higher specific heat, what does it mean.

Back 17

it means the object won't get hot quickly.

Front 18

which has the higher specific heat 100g of iron or 10g or iron

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they have the same specific heat

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a process that absorbs heat is _________ process

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endothermic

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if u wre to touch the flask in which an endothermic reaction were occurring

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the flask would probably feel coller than before the reaction started.

Front 21

endothermic reaction has heat on which side of the equation

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the reaction side

Front 22

an exothermic reaction has heat on which side of the equation

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the product side

Front 23

waht is the valid units for specific heat

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calories over gram times Cº

Front 24

if the heat involved in a chemical reaction has a negative sign, it means

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heat is lost to the surroundings

Front 25

on what principle does calorimetry depend

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law of conservation of energy

Front 26

the amount of heat absorebed by a melthing solid ______ the amount of heat lost by a solidifying liquid

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equals

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the vaporization of a liquid is

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endothermic process

Front 28

when snow melts, what happens to the surrounding air

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it gets cooler

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spectrum

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lines of colored light obtained through a prism

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Quantum mechanical model

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modern description of electrons in atmos

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ground state

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a postion of electrons in their lowest enegry state

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excited state

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electrons gain energy and can jump to a higher energy state

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orbital

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a region around the nucleus that can hold at most 2 electrons

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Aufabu principle

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electrons enter orbitals of lowest energy first

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Hiesenburng uncertarinty

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it is impossibel to know the postition and velocity of a particle at the same time

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how many electrons can exist on the 3rd energy level

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3*3=9*2=18

Front 37

which oribital is shaped like a daisy or four leaf clover

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d orbital

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how many orbitasl make up the "p" sublevel

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6

Front 39

why does Cu, Ag, Au have diffrent electron configuration?

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because they are one electron away t obecome stabel in teh d orbital so the s orbital gies one to the d orbital

Front 40

the formula 2n^2 represents the________

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max electrons the can exist

Front 41

the percent probability of finding an electron within the region of an orbital is _______

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90%

Front 42

an orbital can have at most

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2

Front 43

what is next in order of filling after 6s

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6p

Front 44

state Hund's rule

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when electrons occupy orbitals of equal energy, one electron enters eahc orbital until all orbitals contain one electron with their spins to the next.

Front 45

the letter d in the symbol 3d represents

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shape

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the number 3 in the symbol 3d represents what

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principal enegy level

Front 47

how many electrons can fit in the f subshell

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14

Front 48

which scientist developed the quantum mechanical model

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Schrodinger

Front 49

why are flame tests useless to determine metal ions present in a mixture of metal ions. expalin

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becuase the flame color is not very clear and that can be mixed to produce mixture of colors.

Front 50

half the distance btwn the nuclei

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atmoic radius

Front 51

the group @a elements

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alkaline earth metals

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the veritical columns of the periodic table

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groups

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the nonmetallic elements of Group 7A

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halogens

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elements in which the outermost s and p sublevels are filled

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noble gases

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the tendency for the atmos of an element to attract electons when they are chemically combined with another elements

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electrongetivity

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the horizontal rows of the periodic table

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periods

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the energy required to overcome the atrraction of th enuclear charg and remove an electron from a gaseous atom

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ionization energy

Front 58

the group 1A elements

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alkalie metals

Front 59

an arragnement of elements in order of increasing atomic number, which reveals a periodic patter in their physical and chemical properties

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periodic table

Front 60

the moder periodic tabel is arranged in order of inceasing

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atomic number

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the elements in group 1A and 7A and Group 0 make up the _____

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represntative elements

Front 62

which of the following is true concerning the noble gases

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*their outermost s and p sublevels are filled.
*they belong to Group 0.
*they are somtimes referred to as the inert gases.

Front 63

what is the number of electrons in the outermost occupied energy level of an element in Group 5A

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5

Front 64

the elements that contain electrons in f sublevels are referred to as

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inner transition metals

Front 65

as you move down a group of the periodic table, atomic size generally

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increases

Front 66

as the number of electrons added to the same principle energy level increases, atomic size generally:

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decreases

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atoms share electrons to form__________ bonds

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covalent

Front 68

in a hydrogen molecule, the hydrogen atoms form a ______ covalent bond in which 2 atoms share 1 pair of electrons.

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stabel

Front 69

_________ formulas are chemical formulas that show the arrangement of atoms and shared electrons in molecules and polyatomic ions where shared pairs are reqresented as dashes or lines.

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structural

Front 70

a covalent bond involving a sharing of two pairs of electrons is a ___________ bond.

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double

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a covalent bond involving a sharing of three pairs of electrons is a ______ bond.

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tripel bond

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covalent bonds are formed between a ___________ and a __________

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nonmetal, nonmetal

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ionic bonds are formed between a ____________ and a ___________.

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metal and nonmetal

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some atoms form non-polar voalent bonds with the same type of atom. these are called _______ molecules.

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diatomic halogen molecules

Front 75

subtracting ________ values allows us to determine more exactly wheter a bond is nonpolare covalent, polar covalent or ionic.

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electronegativity

Front 76

most ionoic compounds exist as _______

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solid

Front 77

the melting point of ionic compound is _________.

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high

Front 78

the melting point of covalent copound is

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low

Front 79

the solubility of ionic compound is

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high

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the type of intermolecular forces are attraction btwn polar molecules are called

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dipole

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Vand der Waals forces

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the weakest attration between molecules

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Disperasion forces

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dispersion- weakest of all molecular interactions, and is caused by the motion of number of electrons.

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dipole interactions

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occurs when polar molecules are attracted to one another.

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the electrons in the highest occuppied energy level of an atom are called

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valence

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a diagram that shows only the valence electrons of an element is referred to as an

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electron dot diagram

Front 86

an ________ bond refers to the electrostatic forces of attraction that hold the cations and anions together

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ionic

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negatively charges ions are called

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anions

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postiviely charged ions are known as

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cations

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a negative ion formed when a halogen atom gains an electrons is also known as a _____ ion.

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halide

Front 90

the _____ rule states that when forming compounds, atoms tend to achieve the electron configuration of a noble gas.

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octect

Front 91

_______ usually form ionic bonds with metals

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non metals

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A _________ bond consists of the attraction of the free-floating valence electrons for the positively charged metal ions.

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metallic

Front 93

the overal lcharge of an ionic compound is

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neutral

Front 94

metals ______ electricity

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conduct

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the ____ _____ of an ion is the number of ions of opposite charge that surround the ion in a crystal.

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coordination number

Front 96

an _______ is a mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal.

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alloy

Front 97

the most important alloy today is

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steal

Front 98

what are the two ways to determine the number of valence electrons

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* look at the element's electron configuration.
* the group number.

Front 99

why are the noble gases not chemically reactive

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because they already have 8 electrons in their valence shell

Front 100

characteristics of ionic compound

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*formula unit
*trnsfer of one or more electrons btwn atoms.
*metallic and nonmetallic.
*solid
*high melthing point.
*usually high solubility in H20.
*good conductor.

Front 101

characteristics of covalent compound

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*molecule
*sharing of electron pairs btwn atoms.
*nonmetallic
*solid, liquid or gas.
*low melting point.
*high to low solubility in H2o
*poor to nonconducting

Front 102

3 factors that will increase the rate at which a solute dissolves

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pressure, temperature, size of the substance

Front 103

solutions are normally ________ mitures

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homogeneous

Front 104

what is the term for a solution where the maximum amount of solute is dissolved for a given amount of solvent at a certain temperature

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saturated solution

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two liquids who dissolve in each other are called

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miscible

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two liqids that wont dissovle in each other

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immiscible

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the solubility of a solid tends to ________ with increased temperature.

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increase

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the solubility of a gas tend to ______ with increased temperature.

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decrease

Front 109

units of molarity are

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moles of soulute over liters of solution

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ide

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hydro -ic

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ite

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ous acid

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ate

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-ic acid