Chemistry

Front 1

Elements

Back 1

Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means

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Atoms

Back 2

The smallest unit of an element that retains its characteristic properties

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Protons

Back 3

The subatomic particle with a positive charge and its count represents and element's atomic number

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Neutrons

Back 4

The neutral subatomic particles withtin the nucleus.

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Nucleus

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The core of an atom that holds the protons and neutrons.

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Electrons

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The negatively charged subatomic particles that rotate around the nucleus forming a cloud.

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Compound

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The result of the combination of two or more different types of atoms in a fixed ratio.

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Chemical Reaction

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The altering of atoms to form a whole new different substance like a compound.

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Polar

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Bonds form by an unequal sharing of electrons.polar molecules have both a positive end and a negative end.

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Hydrogen Bond

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Are bonds formed by polar molecules when a hydrogen bonds to a nitrogen, oxygen or flourine atom.

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Cohesion

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The ability of substances like water molecules to stick together.

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Adhesion

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The ability of substances like water molecules to stick to other substances or surfaces.

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Capillary Action

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The ability of water due to its adhesive and cohesive forces to rise up the roots, trunks, and branches of trees.

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Heat Capacity

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The amount of heat required to change the temperature of a substance by 1 degree.

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Acidic Substances

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Subtances with PH lower than 7 on the PH scale.

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Basic Substances

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Substances with PH above 7 on the PH scale

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Neutral Substances

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Substances with a PH of 7 on the PH scale. Pure water is a neutral substance

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Alkaline solutions

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Solutions formed by the releasing of hydorxide ions by a substance in solution.

Front 19

PH Scale

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A scale that measures the acidicity or alkalinity of a substance.

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Organic Compounds

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Compounds containing a skeleton of carbon atoms.

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Inorganic Compounds

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Compounds that do not contain a skeleton of carbon atoms.

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Carbohydrates

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Organic compounds that contain Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1.

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Monosaccharides

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The monomers or buliding blocks of carbohydrates

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Disaccharides

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Sugars formed by the bonding of two monosaccharides where the hydrogen from one of the monosaccharides bonds to the hydroxyl group (-OH) of another monosaccharide.

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Polysaccharides

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Formed by many repeated units of simple sugar. examples include cellullose, starch, and glycogen.

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Glucose

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The most common type of sugar. It is produced during photosynthesis by green plants.

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fructose

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A monosaccharide witht the same molecular formular as glucose. They are Isomers of each other.

Front 28

Glycosidic Bond

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The bonds between two monosaccharides that hold them together to form a disaccharide like maltose.

Front 29

Dehydration Synthesis
Or
Condensation

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The the holding of two monosaccharides together by a glycosidic bond to form a disaccharide.

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Hydrolysis

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The breaking of bonds by adding water.

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Starch

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Sugars made up of alpha glucose and stored by plants in structures called plastids.

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Cellulose

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Sugars made up of Beta glucose and make up the outer covering of plants.

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Glycogen

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Sugars stored in the liver or muscle cells of animals for later use

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Plastids

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The structures in which starch is stored in plants.

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Amino Acids

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The Buliding blocks or monomers of proteins

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Functional Groups

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Distinctive groups of atoms that play a large role in determining the chemical behavior of the compound they are part of.

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Dipeptide

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The result of the joining of two amino acids.

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Peptide Bond

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The bond between two amino acids.

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Polypeptide

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A group of amino acids joined together.

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Protein

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Formed once a polypeptide twists and folds on itselft to form a three dimensional structure. They contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

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Lipids

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Organic compounds consisting of Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but not in the 1:2:2 ratio.

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Fat

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A lipid consisting of three fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol. It is also called a triglyceride.

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Ester Bonds

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Bonds formed between a glycerol and fatty acids.

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Phospholipids

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a type of lipid that contains two hydrophobic fatty acid "tails" and one charged hydrophilic phosphate "head".

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hydrophobic

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Water fearing.

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Hydrophilic

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Water loving

Front 47

Nucleic Acids

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They are the fourth class of organic compounds and contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphate.

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Nucleotides

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The building blocks or monomers of nucleic acids

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DNA

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It is a nucleic acid that contains genes, the hereditary "blueprints" of all life.

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RNA

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The nucleic acid that is essential for protein synthesis.

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Oparin and Haldine

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The two scientists who proposed that the primitive atmosphere contained the following gases: Methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water.

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Stanley Miller

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Along with Harold Urey were the first to simulate the conditions of primitive earth in the laboratory. This gave Oparin and Haldine substantial support.

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Harold Urey

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Along with Stanley Miller were the first to simulate the conditions of primitive earth in the laboratory. This gave Oparin and Haldine substantial support.

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Heterotrophs

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Living organisms that rely on organic molecules for food.

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Autotrophs

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Living organisms that have a way of making their own food.

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Heterotroph Hypothesis

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The believe that the earliest lie forms were most likely heterotrophs, relying on other organic molecules for energy.