Chemistry

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Element

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Substance that cannot be broken down into any other substance

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Atom

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the simplest unit of an element that retains the element’s characteristics

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Nucleus

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Contains a unique number of protons and about the same number of neutrons

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Electrons

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Surround the nucleus

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Atomic Number

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Number of protons found in the nucleus of an element

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Uncharged Atom

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State of an atom when the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons

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Electrons

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Have a charge of -1

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Protons

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Have a charge of +1

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Neutrons

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Has no charge at all

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+4

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The number of protons in the nucleus hold a positive charge equal to this number. If the nucleus contains 4 protons, the charge is….

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Negatively Charged Electrons

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The positive charges of the nucleus attract an equal number of….

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Orbital.Electron Shell

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Electrons travel freely in a 3D space called an…

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1

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The quantum number of the energy level closest to the nucleus is…

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Least Energy

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The energy level closest to the nucleus has the…….related to it.

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Valence Shell

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The outermost occupied energy level of an element

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Covalent Bond

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Bond between atoms formed when atoms share electrons

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Covalent bond

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Strongest type of chemical bond

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Molecule

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Two or more atoms held together by shared electrons

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Compound

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Formed when two or more different atoms bond together chemically to form a unique substance (H2O, CH2)

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Ions

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Charged Atoms

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Positive Ion

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Atom that loses one or more electrons

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Negative Ion

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Atom that gains one or more electrons

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Ionic Bond

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Positive and negative ions are attracted to each other in this type of bond. Weaker than Covalent bond

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Endothermic Reaction

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Chemical reactions that require an input of energy

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Exothermic Reaction

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Chemical reactions that release energy

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Law of thermal Dynamics

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States that matter and energy can neither be created or destroyed

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Acid

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A chemical that donates protons (H+ ions) when dissolved in water

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Base

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A chemical that accepts protons (H+ ions) when dissolved in water

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pH(Potential of Hydrogen)

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the measurement of H_ ions in a solution

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Neutral

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A pH of 7 is ………

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Acidic

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A pH below 7 is……..

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Basic (Alkaline)

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A pH above 7 is……..

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Carbohydrates

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Organic compound made of varying combinations of only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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2:1

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The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates is always……..

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Monosaccharide

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Basic sugar unit which usually contains 3 to 7 carbon atoms plus attached oxygen and hydrogen atoms.

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Hexoses

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The most common monosaccharides (six carbon sugars, usually in a ring)

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Glycogen

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A polysaccharide composed of many joined glucose units. Many animals use this as a short-term storage molecule for energy. It is found in the muscle and liver tissue of mammals.

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Lipids

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Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is always greater than 2:1. These will not dissolve in water.

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Proteins

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Large unbranched chains of amino acids.

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Watson:Crick

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These two scientists discovered DNA and RNA structures in the 1950s.