Chemistry 2

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Substance

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Matter that has a uniform and unchanging composition
-either can be a compound or element

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Mixture

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is a combination of 2 or more pure substances in which each retains its individual chemical properties

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Heterogeneous Mixture

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is one with different compositions depending upon where you look

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Homogeneous Mixture

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are the same throughout it can also be called solution
Solution include gases liquids and solids

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Alloys

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are solid solutions that contain different metals and sometime nonmetallic substances

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solute

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substance being dissolved

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solvent

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substance that dissolves the solute

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aqueous solution

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when solvent is water

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Distillation

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a separation technique that is based on differences in the boiling points of the substances involved

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Crystallization

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is a separation technique that results in the formation of pure solid particles of a substance from a solution containing the dissolved substance

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chromatography

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is a technique that separates the components of a mixture (called the mobile phase) on the basis of the tendency of each to travel or be drawn across the surface of another material(called the stationary phase)

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Stationary Phase

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the separation occurs because the various components of the ink spread through the paper at different rates

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suspension

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hetero mix. s
is a mixture containing particles that settle out if left undisturbed

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colloids

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contain particles that are evenly distributed through a dispersing medium and remain distributed overtime rather than settling out

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Brownian Motion

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the erratic movement of colloids resulting from the collision of particles of the medium with dispersed particles
collision prevents from settling out

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The Tyndall Effect

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dilute colloids appear to be solutions;however their dispersed colloid particles are large enough to scatter light

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Miscible

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two liquids that are soluble in each other

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Immiscible

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liquids that are not soluoble in each other

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solvation

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dissolution- solvation in water is called hydration

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dissociation

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the process by which the charged particles in an ionic solid separate from one another

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3 common ways to increase collisions between solvent and solute

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agitating mixture-stirring or shaking
increase surface area of solute-break into smaller pieces
increasing the temperature

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solubility

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max amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature and pressure

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saturated solution

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solution that contains max amount of dissolved solute for a given amount of solvent ate a specific temp and pressure

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Dynamic equilibrium

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exist in saturated solutions
rate which solute particles in a crystal are are solvated equal to the rate at which solvated particles rejoin the cyrstal

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unsaturated solution

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contains less dissolved solute for a given temperature and pressure than does a saturated solution

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supersaturated soultion

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contains more dissolved solute than does a saturated solution at the same temperature

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dilute

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small amount of solute

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colligative properties

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are physical properties of a solution that are affected by the number of solute particles but not by the identity of those particles

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Vapor pressure lowering

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pressure exerted in a closed container by liquid particles that have escaped the liquids surface and entered into the gaseous state

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Boiling Point Elevation

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a liquid boils when its vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure;the temp diff. between b pt. of a solution and the b pt. of its pure sovent

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freezing point depression

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the temp. diff. between the freezing pt of a solution and the freezing pt. of its pure solvent

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osmotic pressure

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the external pressure that must be applied to stop osmosis

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osmotic process

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water molecules diffuse more rapidly from the water into the sucrose solution than they diffuse more rapidly from the water into the sucrose solution than they diffuse from the sucrose solution into the water