Chemistry 14 Terms From High School

Front 1

closeness of a measurement to the true value of the quantity that is measured

Back 1

accuracy

Front 2

amount of product actually obtained in a reaction

Back 2

actual yield

Front 3

an ion with a net negative charge

Back 3

anion

Front 4

smallest piece of an element that can enter into chemical combinations

Back 4

atom

Front 5

the number of carbon-12 atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12. it equals 6.022 x 10^23

Back 5

avogardo's number

Front 6

A substance capable of donating a proton

Back 6

Bronsted acid

Front 7

A substance capable of accepting a proton

Back 7

Bronsted base

Front 8

solution that has the ability to resist small changes in pH upon the addition of small amounts of either acid or base

Back 8

buffer solution

Front 9

substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being consumed

Back 9

catalyst

Front 10

an ion with a net positive charge

Back 10

cation

Front 11

processes in which one or more substances are converted into other substances

Back 11

chemical reaction

Front 12

the area of chemistry concerned with the speeds, or rates, at which chemcial reactions occur

Back 12

chemical kinetics

Front 13

substance composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions

Back 13

compound

Front 14

bond in which two electrons are shared by two atoms

Back 14

covalent bond

Front 15

mass of a substance divided by its volume

Back 15

density

Front 16

gradual mixing of one substance with another due to random molecular motion

Back 16

diffusion

Front 17

procedure for preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated solution

Back 17

dilution

Front 18

substance that, when dissolved in water, results in a solution that can conduct electricity

Back 18

electrolyte

Front 19

ability of an atom to attract electrons toward itself in a chemical bond

Back 19

electronegativity

Front 20

substance that cannot be seperated into simpler substances by chemical means

Back 20

element

Front 21

processes that absorb heat from the surroundings

Back 21

endothermic processes

Front 22

capacity to do work or to produce change

Back 22

energy

Front 23

biological catalyst

Back 23

enzyme

Front 24

state in which there are no observable changes as time goes by

Back 24

equilibrium

Front 25

one or more reactants present in quantities greater than those needed to react with quantity of the limiting reagent

Back 25

excess reagents

Front 26

processes that give off heat to the surroundings

Back 26

exothermic processes

Front 27

energy can be converted from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed

Back 27

first law of thermodynamics

Front 28

transfer of thermal energy (energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules) between two bodies that are at different temperatures

Back 28

heat

Front 29

when reactants are converted to products, the change in enthalpy is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or in a series of steps

Back 29

hess's law

Front 30

a special type of dipole-dipole interaction between molecules containing hydrogen bonded to an electronegative element. The most important examples involve nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine. For instance, the attraction between a hydrogen on one water molecule and the oxygen atom on a second water molecule would constitute a "hydrogen bond"

Back 30

hydrogen bond

Front 31

compounds other than organic compounds

Back 31

inorganic compounds

Front 32

charged species

Back 32

ion

Front 33

electrostatic force that holds ions together in an ionic compound

Back 33

ionic bond

Front 34

minimum energy required to remove an electron from an isolated atom (or an ion) in its ground state

Back 34

ionization energy

Front 35

atoms having the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

Back 35

isotopes

Front 36

Unit of energy given by newtons - meters

Back 36

joule

Front 37

energy available becauce of the motion of an object

Back 37

kinetic energy

Front 38

If an external stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system will adjust itself in such a way as to partially offset the stress

Back 38

Le Chatelier's principle

Front 39

the reactant used up first in a reaction

Back 39

limiting reagent

Front 40

properties that can be measured directly

Back 40

macroscopic properties

Front 41

Elements that are good conductors of heat and electricity and have the tendency to form positive ions in ionic compounds

Back 41

metals

Front 42

a combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their identity

Back 42

mixture

Front 43

the mass (in grams or kilograms) of one mole of atoms, molecules, or other particles

Back 43

molar mass

Front 44

number of moles of solute in one liter of solution

Back 44

molarity (M)

Front 45

a collection of Avogadro's number (6.022x10^23) of objects; for example, a mole of H2O is 6.022x10^23 H2O molecules

Back 45

mole

Front 46

a neutral aggregate of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

Back 46

molecule

Front 47

a substance that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution that is not electrially conducting

Back 47

nonelectrolyte

Front 48

elements that are usually poor conductors of heat and electricity, and have the tendency to gain electrons and form negative ions

Back 48

nonmetals

Front 49

a molecule that does not possess a dipole moment

Back 49

nonpolar molecule

Front 50

an atom other than hydrogen tends to form bonds until it is surrounded by eight valence electrons

Back 50

octet rule

Front 51

branch of chemistry that deals with carbon compounds

Back 51

organic chemistry

Front 52

number of charges an atom would have in a molecule if electrons were transferred completely in the direction of the atoms with the higher electronegativity

Back 52

oxidation number

Front 53

the half-reaction that involves the loss of electrons

Back 53

oxidation reaction

Front 54

a substance that can accept electrons from another substance or increase the oxidation number in another substance.

Back 54

oxidizing agent

Front 55

ratio of actual yield to theoretical yield, multiplied by 100%

Back 55

percent yield

Front 56

the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration

Back 56

pH

Front 57

a particle of light

Back 57

Photon

Front 58

any property of a substance that can be observed without transforming the substance into some other substance

Back 58

physical property

Front 59

molecule that possesses a dipole moment

Back 59

polar molecule

Front 60

energy available by virtue of an object's position

Back 60

potential energy

Front 61

an insoluble solid that seperatesfrom the solution

Back 61

precipitate

Front 62

the closeness of agreement of two or more measurements of the same quantity.

Back 62

precision

Front 63

force applied per unit area

Back 63

pressure

Front 64

a reaction in which there is either a transfer of electrons or a change in the oxidation numbers of teh substances taking part in the reaction

Back 64

redox reaction

Front 65

half-reaction that involves the gain of electrons

Back 65

reduction reaction

Front 66

an ionic compound made up of a cation (other than H+) and an anion (other than OH- or O2-)

Back 66

salt

Front 67

at a given temperature, the solution that results when the maximum amount of a substance dissolves in a solvent

Back 67

saturated solution

Front 68

number of meaningful digits in a measured or calculated quantity

Back 68

significant figures

Front 69

maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a specific temperature

Back 69

solubility

Front 70

substance present in smaller amount in a solution

Back 70

solute

Front 71

homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

Back 71

solution

Front 72

substance present in larger amount in a solution

Back 72

solvent

Front 73

amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of the substance by one degree celsius

Back 73

specific heat

Front 74

ions that are not involved in teh overall reaction

Back 74

spectator ions

Front 75

amount of product predicted by the balanced equation when all of the limiting reagent has reacted.

Back 75

theoretical yield

Front 76

study of heat changes in chemical reactions

Back 76

thermochemistry

Front 77

the scientific study of the interconversion of heat and other forms of energy

Back 77

thermodynamics

Front 78

the gradual addition of a solution of accurately known concentration to another solution of unknown concentration until the chemical reaction between the two solutions is complete

Back 78

titration