Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Corresponding Units for k of each Overall Rxn Order: 0th, 1st, 2nd, 3rd |
0th: Ms- 1st: s- 2nd: M-s- 3rd: M2-s- |
|
|
0th Order Integrated Rate Law |
[A]t = -kt + [A]0 |
|
|
1st Order Integrated Rate Equation |
-kt = ln ( [A]t / [A]0 ) |
|
|
1st Order Rxn Equation |
ln[A]t = -kt + ln[A]0 y = mx + b |
|
|
1st Order Rxn Half Life |
t 1/2 = ln(2) / k |
|
|
2nd Order Integrated Rate Law |
1/[A]t = kt + (1/[A]0) |
|
|
Decay Rate |
-(delta)N / (delta)t = kN N= #of radioactive nuclei k= decay constant |
|
|
Activation Energy Equation (For Two Temperatures) |
ln (k2/k1) = (-Ea/R) (1/T2 - 1/T1) |
|
|
The Arrhenius Equation *Ea: Activation Energy *R : Ideal Gas Constant (8.3145 J mol- K-) *T : Temperature (K) |
k = Ae ^(-Ea/RT) *Ea goes UP, k goes DOWN *Temperature goes UP, k goes UP |
|
|
Kinetic Molecules Theory |
average kinetic energy and thus the average speed of gas molecules depends on the absolute temp. (K)
|
|
|
Collision Theory |
a bimolecular reaction occurs when 2 properly oriented molecules come together w/ a sufficiently energetic collision |
|
|
Collision Rates |
Collision Rates Increase when... Increased Concentration, Diameter, and Average Speed of Molecules |
|
|
Increase Temperature |
Increased Kinetic Energy |
|
|
Increased Kinetic Energy |
More Frequent Collisions |
|
|
More Frequent Collisions |
Increased Rate of Reaction |
|
|
Elementary (RXN) Step |
a single step in a Rxn mechanism that describes an individual molecular event |
|
|
Overall (Rxn) |
Describes the reaction stoichiometry and is a summation of all elemental steps in the reaction |
|
|
Reactive Intermediate |
Produced in one step and consumed in a subsequent step |
|
|
Molecularity |
a classification of an elementary reaction based on the # of molecules (or atoms) on the reactant side of the chemical equation |
|
|
Unimolecular |
One Reactant (always 1st order) |
|
|
Bimolecular |
Two Reactants |
|
|
Termolecular |
Three Reactants |
|
|
Rate Determining Step (RDS) |
slowest step in a reaction mechanism (Rate of Step 1 = Rate of Overall) |
|
|
[A] + [B] -> [AB] Frequency of AB Collisions |
*[A] molecules is proportional to Concentration of [B] molecules *Doubling [ ] of A or B - Doubles AB frequency *Doubling both [A] and [B] - Quadruples AB total frequency |
|
|
Catalyst |
a substance that increases the rate of the Rxn w/o itself being consumed in the Rxn *Lowers Activation Energy (Ea) *Not in the overall Rxn |
|
|
Homogenous / Heterogenous Catalyst |
Homog. : catalyst in same phase as reactants Heterog. : catalyst in different phases |
|
|
Chemical Equilibrium |
a dynamic state where the [ ] of the reactants and the [ ] of the products remains constant overtime |
|
|
Reaction Quotient (Qc) |
Q > 1 : more products Q < 1 : more reactants Q = 1 : equal [products] & [reactants] Q = [products] / [reactants] = [C]^c[D]^d / [A]^a[B]^b |
|
|
K |
ratios of products to reactants at equilibrium 0 < K < 1 : more reactants K ~ 1 : equal [ ]'s K > 1 : more products |
|
|
Q = K at Equilibrium |
Q goes to K to show direction of RXN Q < K : reaction goes left Q > K : reaction goes right |
|
|
Kp : the equilibrium constant for partial pressures Kp = Kc(RT)^(delta N) delta N: change in gasses in Rxn (c+d)-(a+b) R : 0.08206 L atm mol- K- T : Temp. (K) |
aA + bB -> cC + dD Kp = (PC^c)(PD^d) / (PA^a)(PB^b) |
|
|
LeChatelier's Principle |
if a stress is applied to a Rxn mixture at equilibrium, a net Rxn occurs to relax that stress. 1. Increase Reactants [ ], Rxn moves to right Decrease Products [ ], Rxn moves to the right 2. Change Pressures/ Volumes (1/2 volume, increases pressure, Rxn moves to side w/ least # of moles) 3. Change Temperatures (increase T, decrease products, Exothermic decrease T, increase products, Endothermic) |
|
|
Bronsted Lowry Definitions 1. Acid 2. Base |
1. Acid : (donator) any substance that can transfer a proton (H+) to another substance 2. Base : (acceptor) any substance that can accept a proton |
|
|
Conjugates |
One Proton Different HA + B -> BH+ + A- HA&A- (A/B Conjugate Pair) B&BH+ (A/B Conjugate Pair) |
|
|
Electrolytes |
Most acids and bases are electrolytes *Strong Acid/Base = Strong Electrolyte |
|
|
Strong Acids |
Binary: HCl, HBr, HI OXO Acids: HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4, HClO3 |
|
|
Strong Acid |
*MOST DISSOCIATION |
|
|
Smallest Ka |
*LEAST DISSOCIATION *HIGHEST pH |
|
|
Kc < 1 Kc > 1 |
Weak Acid/Base (PARTIAL DISSOCIATION) Strong Acid/Base (STRONG DISSOCIATION) |
|
|
Stronger Acid |
Weaker Conjugate Base (and vice versa) |
|
|
More Polar |
Stronger Acid / Base |
|
|
Short Strong Bond (Difficult to Dissociate) |
Long, Weak Bonds (Easily Dissociate) |
|
|
Higher Acid Strength (O Atoms) |
More # of Oxygen Atoms |
|
|
pH Scale (pH = -log[H+] ) |
ACIDIC 0 < 7 < 14 BASIC NEUTRAL |
|
|
Weaker Acid will be ... |
Less Acidic than Stronger Acid |
