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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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common ion effect
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shift in equilibrium caused by the addition of a compound having an ion in common with the dissolved substance
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the presence of a common ion ___ the ionization a weak acid or base
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suppresses
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buffer solution is
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a weak acid or base and the salt both must be present.
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buffer solution can
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resist changes in PH upon the addition of small amounts of either acid or base
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HBr
KF & F- CO3 2- HCO3- |
strong acid
weak acid conjugate base (Buffer) weak base conjungate acid (Buffer) |
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Titration
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solution of accurately know concentration is added gradually of unknown concentration until chemical reaction between the two solutions
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molar solubility
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number of mole of solute dissolved in 1L of a saturated solution (mol/L)
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Solubility
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number of grams of solute dissolved in 1L of saturated solution (g/L)
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the presence of a common ion ___
the solubility of a salt |
decreases
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complex ion
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ion containing a central metal cation bonded to one or more molecules or ions
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formation of constant or stability constant
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equilibrium constant for the complex ion formation
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spontaneous processes
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waterfall runs downhill
lump of sugar dissolves in a cup of coffee |
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delta G (triangle=delta)
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negative spontaneously (forward)
positive nonspontaneous (reverse) zero already at equilibrium |
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entropy
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a measure of the randomness or disorder of a system
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delta S=Sf - Si
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s= entropy
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the solid state order
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solid<liquid<<gas
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Order goes up
entropy goes |
down
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disorder goes up
entropy goes |
up
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solid to gas
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sublimation
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liquid to gas
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evaporation
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condensing water vapor
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randomness decreases
entropy decreases |
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Subliming dry ice
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Randomness increases
entropy increases |
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state functions
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properties that are determined by the state of the system, regardless of how that condition was achieved
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state function (examples)
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energy,enthalpy,pressure,volume,temperature,entropy
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Law of Thermodynamics
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energy can be converted from one form to another but energy cannot be created or destroyed
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Law of Thermodynamics (2): Entropy
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The entropy of the universe increases in a spontaneous process and remains unchanged in a equilibrium process.
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Standard entropy of a reaction
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entropy change for a reaction carried out a 1atm and 25 Celsius
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When looking for entropy change
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highest delta S
total number of gas molecules to diminish. |
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standard free energy of reaction
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free energy change for a reaction when it occurs under standard state conditions
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standard free energy of formation
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free energy change that occurs when 1 mole of compound is formed from its elements in their standard states
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delta Gf
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any element in stable form is zero
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allotropic
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same element in more than one form
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Law of thermodynamics (3): entropy crystal
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The entropy of a perfect crystalline substance is zero at the absolute zero of temperature
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