Chemical Bonds

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chemical bonds

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forces that hold together the atoms of a molecule or a compound

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valence shell

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the outermost shell in an atom

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chemically stable

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an atom with a valence shell holding eight electron; unlikely to form chemical bonds with other atoms; Ex: neon

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octet rule

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when two or more atoms can interact in ways that produce a chemically stable arrangement of eight valence electrons for each atom

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ionic bond

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the force of attraction that holds together ions with oopposite charges; Ex: sodium and chlorine

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cation

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positively charged ion; when the total number of protons exceeds the number of electrons

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anion

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when the total number of electrons exceeds the number of protons after gaining an electron

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electrolytes

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an ionic compound that breaks apart into positive and negative ions in solution; help conduct an electrical charge through cells

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covalent bonds

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when two or more atoms share electrons rather than gaining or losing them; Ex: hydrogen atoms H-H H2, share 1 electron each; oxygen atoms O=O O2 each share 2 electrons; water

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single covalent bond

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when two atoms share one electron pair H2 H-H

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double covalent bond

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when two atoms share two pairs of electrons O2 O=O

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triple covalent bond

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when two atoms share three pairs of electrons nitrogen

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nonpolar covalent bond

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two atoms share the electrons equally--one atom does not attract the shared electrons more strongly than the other atom (different atoms)

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polar covalent bond

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when the sharing of electrons between two atoms is unequal--the nucleus of one atom attracts the shared electrons more strongly than the nucleus of the other atom

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electronegativity

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the poser to attract electrons to itself

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hydrogen bond

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forms when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attracts the partical negative charge of neighboring electronegative atoms--weak when compared to ionic and covalent bonds

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cohesion

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the tendency of like particles to stay together (water surface)

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surface tension

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a measure of the difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface of a liquid; water's surface tension is high b/c the water molecules are more attracted to one another than to the molecules in the air