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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a buffer solution
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contains a weak acid or weak base and the salt of a weak acid or weak base
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In weak acid strong base titrations the pH is
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greater than seven because of hte OH ions
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In a strong acid weak base titration the pH is
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less than seven due to the excess H ions
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The presence of a common ion
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decreases the solubility
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Complex ion
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contains a central metal cation bonded to one or more molecules or ions
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The greater the Kf...
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the greater the stability of the complex (the reaction lies mostly to the right)
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Equilibrium constant K =
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K = Kf x Ksp
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To calculate deltaS and deltaG...
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the sum of the G of the products - the sum of the G of the reactants
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When H is positive and S is negative
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G is always positive, spontaneous in the reverse direction
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When H is negative and S is postive
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G is always negative, spontaneous in the forward direction
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Both H and S are negative
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spontaneous at low temperatures, at high temperatures the reverse is spontaneous
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Both H and S are positive
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spontaneous at high temperatures, reverse is spontaneous at low temperatures
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At melting point...(molar heat of fusion)
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the liquid and solid of the compound are at equilibrium
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At boiling point (molar heat of vaporization)
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the gas and liquid states are at equilibrium
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Alkanes have the general formula
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CnH2n+2
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1
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methane
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2
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ethane
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3
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propane
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4
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butane
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5
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pentane
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6
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hexane
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7
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heptane
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8
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octane
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9
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nonane
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C2H5 attachmeht
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ethyl group
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C3H7
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propyl group
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When there are more than one CH3 groups
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di, tri, tetra
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Chiral when...
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contains a carbon atom bonded to foud different atoms or groups of atoms (a CH3 and CH2 group can make the molecules chiral)
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Alkenes
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CnH2n
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Naming of alkenes
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wherever there is a double bond put the number followed by ----ene
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Cis vs. Trans
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cis - beside each other, trans - across from each other
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Alkyne
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have at least one triple bond
CnH2n-2 |
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Aromatic vs. Alophatic
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Aromatic - contain at least one benzene ring
Alophatic - do not contain a benzene ring |
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Phenyl group
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a group containing a benzene minus a hyrdogen atom
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The most basic oxides...
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have metals ions with the lowest positive charge
K2O is more basic that BaO |
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Two examples when Lewis acids are not bronstead acids
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SO2, CO2
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1.2-2.8 pH
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Thymol Blue
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3.0 -4.6 pH
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Bromo blue
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3.1-4.4 pH
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Methyl orange
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4.2-6.3 pH
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Methyl Red
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4.8-6.4 pH
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Chloro blue
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6.0-7.6 ph
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bromothymol Blue
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7.2-8.8 pH
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Cresol Red
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8.3 - 10.0 pH
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Phenolphthalein
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Boiling points of HF H2O NH3
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H20 > HF > NH3 > Ch4
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When does liquid rise ?
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When adhesion is greater than cohesion
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How many atoms does a corner, edge, face cetered and cetered atom make up?
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Corner = 1/8
Edge = 1/4 Face = 1/2 Centered = 1 |
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How many atoms are in a simple cubic, body centered cubic, and face centered cubic
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simple = 1
body = 2 face = 4 |
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Formula for edge length (a)
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V = a^3
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How many m in a pm?
How many cm in a pm? |
10^12 pm in one meter
10^9 pm in one cm when going from pm -> cm we minus 30 when going from cm -> pm we add 30 |
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Ionic crystals
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High melting points, do not conduct electricity
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Covalent Crystals
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Hard, high melting points, do not conduct electricity
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Molecular Crystals
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Soft, low melting point, do not conduct electricity
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Metallic crystals
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Soft or hard, low or high melting point, good conductor
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Critical temperature
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The temperature above which a gas cannot liquify
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Critical Pressure
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the minimum pressure that must be made to bring about liquification
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Sublimation vs. Deposition
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Sublimations is going directly from solid to gas
Deposition is going directly from gas to solid |
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Triple Point
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all three phases exist at equilibrium
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Percent by Mass
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Mass solute/ Mass solution
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The solubility of gases in water usually _________ with _________ temperature.
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decreases , increasing
GDI |
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The solubility of solids _______ with ________ temperature
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Increases, increasing
SII |
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Nonvolatile
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does not have a measurable vapour pressure
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Kb and Kf in water
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Kb = .52, Kf = 1.86
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Hydrophobic vs. hydrophillic
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phobic - not be stable in water, particles would clump together
phillic - contain extremely large particles such as colloids |
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First order reaction
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1/s
ln2/k |
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Second order reactions
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1/M/s
1/l(initial concentration) |
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Catalysis
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THe rate catalyzed is greater than the rate uncatalyzed
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Zero Order reaction
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M/s
(Ao)/2k |
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When Qc>Kc
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Reaction proceeds from right to left, produces more reactants
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When Qc<Kc
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Reaction proceeds from right to left, produces more products
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Le Chatelier's principle and concentration
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When more products are added rxn shifts from right to left and more reactants are created
When the products are removed from the system the equilibrium shifts from left to right and more products are created |
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Le Chatelier's principle and Pressure
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only gasses are affected by this
An increase in pressure shifts the equilibrium to the lowest amount of moles of gas A decrease in pressure shifts the equilibrium in the direction with the greatest moles of gas |
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Only a change in _______ can change the equilibrium constant
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temperature
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Le Chatelier's principle and temperature
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increase in temperature favours the endothermic reaction, a decrease in temperature favours the exothermic reaction
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