Chem The Water We Drink

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Potable water

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water that is fit for human consumption

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aquifers

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grea pools of water trapped in sand and gravel 50-500 ft below the surface

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surface water

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water from lakes, rivers, and reservoirs

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ground water

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water pumped from wells that have been drilled into underground aquifers

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solvent

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a substance capable of disolving other substances

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solutes

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substances that dissolve in a solvent

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solution

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a homogeneous mixture of uniform composition

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aqueous solutions

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solutions in which water is the solvent

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mineral

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a naturally occurring element or compound that usually has a definite chemical composition, a crystalline structure, and is formed as a result of geological processes

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concentration

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the ratio of amount of solute to amount of solution

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percent

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parts per hundred

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parts per million (ppm)

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1 part per million

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liter (L)

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the volume occupied by 1000g of water at 4 °C

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parts per billion

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ppb, 1 part per billion

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Molarity (M)

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the number of moles of solute present in one liter of solution

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volumetric flask

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a type of glassware that contains a precise amount of solution when filled to the mark on its neck

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electronegativity (EN)

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a measure of an atom's attraction for the electrons it shares in a covalent bond

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polar covalent bond

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a covalent bond in which the electrons are not equally shared, but rather displaced toward the more electronegative atom

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intromolecular force

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a force that exists within a molecule

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intermolecular force

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a force that occurs between molecules

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hydrogen bond

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electrostatic attractions between a hydrogen atom bearing a partial positive charge in one molecule and an O,N, or F atom bearing a partial negative charge in a neighvoring molecule

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density

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the ratio of mass per unit volume

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specific heat

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the quantity of heat energy that must be absorbed to increase the teperature of 1g of a substance by 1°C

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conductivity meter

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an apparatus that produces a signal to indicate that electricity is being conducted

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nonelectrolyte

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a nonconducting solute when in aqueous solution

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electrolytes

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conducting solutes in aqueous solution

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ion

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an atom or group of atoms that has acquired a net electric charge as a result of gaining or losing one or more electrons

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cation

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a positively charged ion

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anion

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a negatively charged ion

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ionic bond

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a chemical bond formed by the attraction between oppositely charged ions

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ionic compounds

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made up of electrically charged ions that are present in fixed proportions and are arranged in a regular, geometric pattern

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metals

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ten to form cations by lossing their valence electrons

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nonmetals

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gain electrons to form anions

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polyatomic ions

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ions that are made up of two or more atoms covalently bound together

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carcinogen

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a commpound capable of causing cancer

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maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG)

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the maximum level of a contaminate in drinking water at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons would occure

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maximum contaminant level (MCL)

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sets the legal limit for the concentration of a contaminant

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Calibration graph

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a graph that is made by carefully measuring the absorbancies of several solutions of known concentration for the species being analyzed

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desalination

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a broad general term describing any process that removes ions from salty water

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distillation

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a separation process in which a solution is heated to the boiling poin and the vapors are condensed and collected

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osmosis

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the natural tendency for a solvent to move through a membrane from a region of higher solvent concentration to a region of lower solvent concentration

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reverse osmosis

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using pressure to force the movement of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from a region of high solute concentration to a region of lower solute concentration