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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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-OH
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hydroxyl
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NH2-C=O
| R |
amide
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O
|| C-C-O-C |
Ester
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O=C-OH
| R |
Carboxylic acid
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atomic radius
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1/2 the distance between nucleus of two like atoms, increases top to bottom, decreases left to right
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electronegativity
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the ability of an atom to attract the electrons that are bonded to it, more electronegative the close you are to flourine
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polarizability
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the ease with which the electron cloud around an atom is disturbed by the presence of an external charge
decreases left to right and increases top to bottom metals have the highest |
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ionization energy
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the energy associated with removing a valance electron from an atom
energy+A -> A+ + e- 1st<2nd<<3rd |
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electron affinity
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the energy associated with adding an electron to an atom
increases top to bottom, decreases left to right A+e- -> A- |
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full energy levels are ____ stable than partially full levels
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much more
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screening
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electrons closer to the nucleus screen electrons further away. remains the same throughout periodic table
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effective nuclear charge
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increases across a period
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Ionization energy
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the energy associated with removing a valance electron
increases top to bottom, increases left to right 1st<2nd<3rd |
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non metals
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tend to have high IE, negative electron affinities, gain electrons (form anions)
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metals
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have low IE, more positive electron affinities, lose electrons (form cations)
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Fe
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+2 +3
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Cu
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+2 +1
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Zn
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+2
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Ag
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+1
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Au
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+3 +1
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Hg
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+2 +1
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ionic bond
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form between metals and nonmetals, need a net charge of 0
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lattace energy
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energy associated with with the process of breaking an ionic bond
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ammonium
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NH4+
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acetate
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C2H3O2-
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carbonate
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CO3 -2
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bicarbonate
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HCO3 -
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cyanide
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CN-
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hydroxide
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OH-
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nitrate
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NO3 -
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phosphate
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PO4 -3
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sulfate
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SO4 -2
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acids
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compounds that dissolve in water to yeild an H+ ion
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binary acid
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contain to elements , H and another one
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polyatomic ions dervied ions
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made by adding a polyatomic ion and hydrogen atoms to equal the charge
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organic acids
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acids made with a carboxylic acid functional group
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monoprotic
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can donate one proton
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diprotic
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can donate two protons
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triprotic
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can donate three protons
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polyprotic
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donates two or more protons
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bases
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dissolve to donate -OH, they accept an H+ ion
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ionic bases
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compounds containing the hydroxide ion
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almost all polatomic ions are ____
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basic
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organic bases
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covalently bonded compounds that accept protons, commonly contain a nitrogen
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monoequalivant
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accepts one proton
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diequivalent
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accepts two protons
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triequivalent
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accpets three protons
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polyequivalent
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accepts two or omore protons
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binary acids
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the ending of the element is changed to -ic and hydro- is added to the beggining
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covalent bonds
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the sharing of electrons, occurs between non metals
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nitrogen bonded to one two or three carbons
N-C N-C | C C-N-C | C |
amine
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phenol
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an alcohol on a aromatic ring
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a carbonyl group bonded to two more carbons
C | C=O | C |
ketone
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a carbonyl group bonded to another carbon and a hydrogen
H | C=O | C |
aldehyde
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a carbonyl group bonded to a hydroxyl group and a carbon
OH | C=O | C |
carboxylic acid
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isomers
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two different compounds that have the same molecular formula but different atom connectivity
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resonance structures
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atoms are connected in the same way but differ by the arrangement of lone pairs ands bonds, they don't actually exist but contribute to the real structure
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formal charge
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# of valance electrons - # number of non bonding electrons - 1/2 # of shared pairs
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