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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is energy? Name the two general classes of energy and the SI units.
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Energy- capacity of matter to do work
types: potential and kinetic SI unit: Joule (or calorie is a non SI unit) |
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What is the difference between an endothermic and exothermic reaction?
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endothermic: energy is transferred from surrounds to system (temperature is increased, such as boiling water)
exothermic: energy transferred from the system to the surroundings (temp decease such as freezing water) |
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What is specific heat?
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heat flow required to change the temp of one gram of a substance one degree kelvin
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What is the heat of reaction? What is heat capacity and how does it relate to bomb calorimetry?
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heat of reaction: the amount of heat consumed or evolved by a system during a chemical reaction
q = c*m*T Heat capacity is the quantity of heat needed to raise the temp of a substance one degree Kelvin q = C*T (where C is heat capacity) A bomb calorimeter is a device that can measure the heat capacity |
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What is the meaning of the term state function? Which thermodynamic quantities are state functions?
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State function- the property of a system is not dependent on how the system gets from state to state (ie ice melting), and is only dependent on the state itself. change in state function = final value (products) - initial value (reactants)
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What is enthalpy of reaction?
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The measure of enthalpy which results from the formation of one mole of a substance from its free elements in their most stable state
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What are the conditions described as "standard state"
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The most stable state of an element/substance
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What is the First Law of Thermodynamics? What does it tell us about internal energy of a system?
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Energy is converted from one form to another but can not be created or destroyed.
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What is the equation for the First Law of Thermodynamics?
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change in E = Efinal - Einitial
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What are the different kinds of motions exhibited by molecules at the molecular level for each state of matter?
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Gas: freedom of motion, freedom of rotation, freedom of vibration
Liquid: restricted motion, somewhat restricted rotation, freedom of vibration Solid: no freedom of motion, very restricted freedom of rotation, freedom of vibration |
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What was Rutherford's Gold Foil experiment and what did it prove?
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Rutherford shot alpha particles at gold foil and found that most went straight through the foil, but some were deflected. He concluded that atoms were mostly empty space, but consisted of both positively and negatively charged particles
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What is a photon?
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EMR is quantized which can be viewed as streams of particles call photons
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What did Max Planck observe and what is Planck's constant?
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Discovered energy is either released or absorbed in quantum (fixed) amounts. E = hf
where h is Planck's constant 6.626E-34 J-s and f is the frequency |
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What is thermal emission?
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Electrons ejected from the surface of metals to produce an electric current when heated to a high temp
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What is the photoelectric effect?
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the emission of electrons from a metal surface induced by light
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What is Bohr's Quantum Model for the hydrogen atom? What were the problems associated with it?
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Bohr proposed that:
1. Only orbits of certain radii, corresponding to certain definite energies are permitted for the electron in a hydrogen atom 2. An electron in a permitted orbit has a specific energy and is in an "allowed" energy state. 3. Energy is emitted or absorbed by the electron only as the electron changes from one allowed energy state to another. This explanation only explains the energy states of a hydrogen atom |
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What is the quantum mechanical model of the atom?
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Uses quantum number to represent solutions to quantum equations and are used to find the probable position and location of an electron in an atom.
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What is the uncertainty principle?
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States that there is a fundamental limitation to just how precisely we can know both the position and momentum of a particle at a given time
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What are the four quantum numbers and what does each represent?
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n - principle energy levels that describes the position of the electrons with relation to the nucleus
l - azimuthal quantum number that describes the shape of the sublevels where there is the greatest probability of finding an electron ml - magnetic quantum number describes the general orientation of orbitals in each sublevel ms - electron spin determines the direction the electron is spinning. either + or - 1/2 |
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The atomic Radii of atoms ___ as you go from left to right across the periodic table and ___ as you go from top to bottom
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decrease and increase
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Ionization Energy is___
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the energy required to remove the outermost electron from an isolated gaseous atom
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Ionization energy __ as you go from left to right across the periodic table and __ as you go from top to bottom
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increases and decreases
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What does it mean if two species are isoelectronic?
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the have the same electron configuration
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Electron Affinity?
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Energy change associated with addition of an electron to a gaseous neutral atom to form an anion
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