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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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involves the pursuit of general knowledge about our physical universe
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basic science
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well-defined, practical goals that lead to development of a product or solving a specific problem
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applied science
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a sub-set of applied science that has as its goal to provide all the things we need for living
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technology
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Observations -> Conclusions is....
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inductive reasoning
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Observations-> Hypotheses-> Experiments->Conclusions is...
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deductive reasoning AKA scientific method
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What two traits do good theories possess?
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1. explain more phenomena
2. give a more unified view of nature |
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What is inductivism?
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from particular observations to general conclusions
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What is deductivism?
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inference of specific results from general principles
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What did Copernicus think?
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there was a HELIOCENTRIC view of universe
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What did Kepler and Tycho Brahe theorize?
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shapes of planetary orbits, planetary speeds, positions
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What did Galileo believe?
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that precise laws of motion for moving objects e.g. "falling bodies"
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What did Isaac Newton contribute to development of science?
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developed a broad theory of motion (cause/effect)
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What were newton's laws of motion?
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law of inertia
law of acceleration law of interaction |
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What did the law of inertia say?
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a body continues in its state of rest or motion unless an outside force acts on it
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What did the law of acceleration say?
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the acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the force exerted on it, is in the same direction as the force and is inversely proportional to the mass of the body
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What does the law of interaction say?
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whenever one body exerts a force on another body, the second body exerts an equal and opposite force on the first
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What did Leucippus & Democritus say?
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first ideas about matter as possible atomic, matter still viewed as continuous
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What did Alchemy do?
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he was the forerunner of modern chemistry, emphasized Experimenting
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Who was Francis bacon?
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thought heat might be caused by motion of very small particles
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WHo was Robert Boyle?
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a natural philosopher who used atomic concepts to explain observed phenomena
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What did Joseph Priestly do?
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he discovered Oxygen (1774)
this discovery developed a distinction b/t various pure gases and air itself* |
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What did Lavoisier develop?
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Conservation of Mass
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What did Joseph Proust discover?
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Definite Proportions
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What did John Dalton Discover?
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modern atomic theory
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What did Law of Conservation of Mass say?
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matter is neither created nor destroyed during chemical reactions
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What did the law of Definite Proportions say?
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a chemical compound always contains the same elements in the same proportion by mass
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What are the four basic "postulates" of Dalton's atomic theory?
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1. all matter is composed of atoms when we see it @ nanoscale
2. all atoms of a given element have the same properties 3. compounds are formed by a chemical combination of 2 or more diff kinds of atoms 4. chemical reactions are simply nanoscale combinations |
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What are elements?
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cannot be physically broken down into simpler substances- basic units are atoms
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What are compounds?
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composed of 2 or more elements- fixed ratios by mass or number of atoms of each type. basic units are molecules
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What are mixtures?
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combinations of elements and/or compounds in any possible proportion
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What are homogenous mixtures?
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have the same composition throughout
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What are heterogeneous mixtures?
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have two regions called phases w/ different compositions
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What are experimental controls?
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theyre used in the scientific experiments to prevent factors other than those being studied from affecting the outcome
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What are physical properties?
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properties that do not involve a change in chemical composition of a substance
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What are chemical properties?
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properties that relate to reactivity of one substance w/ another
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