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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
alkali metals
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group 1A
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alkaline earth metals
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group 2a
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chalcogens
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group 6a
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halogens
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group 7a
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mendelev
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-first to organize periodic table
-listed elements in increasing atomic mass -elements that react similarly are in vertical columns |
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distillation
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based on boiling point differences, mainly to separate homogeneous mixes.
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top 5 elements in human body
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oxygen
carbon hydrogen nitrogen calcium |
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naming covalent compounds (P2O5)
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phosphorous pentoxide
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covalent compounds properties
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lower melting point and boiling point.
must be gas, solid, or liquid. |
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ionic compounds
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-most are solids
-high melting and boiling points -highly soluble in water -metal + nonmetal. |
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naming ionic compounds (K2S)
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potassium sulfide
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aristotle
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earth, fire, water, air
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democritus
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much smaller things
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lavoisier
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-discovered law of conservation of mass
-developed quantization of experiments -head lopped off |
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lavoisier
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-discovered law of conservation of mass
-developed quantization of experiments -head lopped off |
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boyle
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elements contain only one compounds
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preistly
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-isolated oxygen
-studied carbonation and photosynthesis |
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proust
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-discovered law of definite proportions
-"elements combine in definite mass ratios to fowm compounds" |
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cavendish
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-isolated hydrogen
-proved water is a compound |
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avogadro
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found that several elements are diatomic
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i wouldn't like 2 avocados
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dalton's atomic theory
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-made 5 postulates explaning past observations using the concept of atom.
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theory= postulates
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jj thompson- cathode ray tube
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discovered electron by putting magnet above cathode ray tube.
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jj= magnet loop
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robert millikan
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found exact mass and charge of electron. placed oil in special chamber and used charges to alter heights and therefore measure mass.
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millikan= students are color of oil
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plum pudding model
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all subatomic particles are spaced about like plum pudding.
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ernest rutherford.
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discovered nucleus by firing radiation through gold foil and seeing refraction
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electron
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-(-)
-outside nucleus -relative mass- 1 |
electricity, when ran through your body is negative. you only have one life.
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proton
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-(+)
-1836 -inside nucleus |
pro- positive
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neutron
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-no charge
-inside nucleus -1841RM |
nu- neutral
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james chadwick
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discovered neutron
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A-Z=
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nuetrons
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Z
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-(p)
-atomic # |
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A
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-mass number
-(p+n) |
mass= more
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bequerel
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-studying uranium crystals
-first to recognize radiation |
beckons the question of why he was playing wiht uranium
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curies
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-coined term radioactivity
-she won 2 nobel prizes -discovered polonium and radium -she died from radiation -he died from getting run down by horse |
can't cure a horse trampling
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rutherford
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-discovered alpha and beta particles
-connected radiation to nuclear instability |
fords are unstable.
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alpha particles
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-a helium nucleus
-2 protons and nuetrons -lowest penetrationability |
kids eat alpha bits
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beta particles
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-very high energy electron
-negatively charged |
alpha beta is a negative place to shop
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beta particles
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-very high energy electron
-negatively charged |
alpha beta is a negative place to shop
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gamma ray
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pure energy
not charged |
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positrons
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positively charged elecron
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radon gas
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uranium decay in soil
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radioisotopes in medicine
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diagnostic- detect tumors...
theraputic- use for curing and destroying cancerous cells |
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strong nuclear force
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-attractive force
-weaker than electrostatic forces -short range -"nuclear cement" |
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electrostatic repulsion
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makes nucleus unstable
long range force across nucleus. involved with protons only |
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conceptual model of atom
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all atom models are conceptual, we cannot see inside atoms
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wavelength
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distance between two peaks on wave
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frequency
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number of peaks that pass a point in space per second.
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velocity of light wave
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c= wavelength x frequency
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y rays
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low wavelength
high energy high velocity |
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x rays
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just below y rays in energy
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visible light
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white= all colors
black= absense of color |
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infared light
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"heat waves"
cause vibrational excitation in molecules |
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microwaves
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cause rotational excitement in molecules
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radiowaves
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lowest energy
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atomic line spectra
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colors of electromagnetic radiation emitted by excited electrons in atoms when they relax
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excitation of energy by electrons in atoms
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absorbtion of radiation by electrons
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relaxation
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emission of energy by electrons as they drop back into their ground state.
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max plank
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light quanta- thought of light having discrete particles of energy called quanta
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einstein and photons of light
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photon= light particle w/ specific energy.
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classical mechanics
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macroscopic- applies to everyday nonsense.
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quantum mechanics
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-subatomic (used to explain electron motion)
-only certain values are allowed -answers are in terms of probability |
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neils bohr
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planetary model of atom
wrong, but recieved nobel prize helped make quantum theory popular |
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heisenberg uncertainty principle
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cannot know the exact position or momentum of electron at same time.
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orbital
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three dimensional region of space about a nucleus that contains 90% of electron probability.
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quantum mechanical model of atom
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erwin shroedenger- pure mathematics that treats electrons as wave-like as well as particles.
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elecron shells
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-7 shells of electrons
-outermost shell has valence electrons -innermost shell contains core electrons -number of valence electrons determines overal chem of atom. |
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atomic size
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increases from top to bottom, decreases from left to right.
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ionization energy
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top to bottom- IE decreases
left to right- IE increases |
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ionic compounds bonding
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metal cation bonds with a nonmetal anion
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covalent compound bonding
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covalent compounds have all nonmetal atoms become isoelectronic with the nearest noble gas by sharing electrons.
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strong electrolytes
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forms many ions in h2o
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weak electrolytes
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only forms a few ions in solution
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non electrolytes
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do not form ions in solution
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ion
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charged ion
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cation
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positively charged ion
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anion
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negatively chaged ion
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free radical
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odd # of total valence electrons, therefore unstable and highly reactive
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antioxidant
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species that help reduce free radical oxidation damage.
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oxidation
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when an electron is removed from a species or by gaining an O atom or losing an H atom.
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organic compounds
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based on carbon chemistry: also, H, O,S,N, halogens.
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hydrocarbons
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organic compounds consisting of C + H atoms only (fossil fuels)
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alkanes
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single bond (c-c)
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alkenes
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double bond between carbons
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alkynes
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one triple bond between carbons
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aromatic compounds
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all have benzyne rings
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molecular formula
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does not show atom connectivity or bonds (i.e. C2H6O)
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aromatic compounds
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all have benzyne rings
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saturated compound
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all c atoms are bonded by single bonds
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unsaturated compound
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at least one double of triple bond between C atoms.
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meth
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1 c atom
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prop
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2 c atoms
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prop
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3 c atoms
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eth
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2 c atoms
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but
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4 c atoms
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calcium
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- number one by mass in body
- strong bones and teeth - nerve impulse transmission - regulation of heartbeat - mustcle contraction - heartbeat |
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iodide
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-proper function of thyroid
-deficiency= goiter |
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iron
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oxygen transport in hemoglobin
- in myoglobin for 02 storage in muscles - deficiency= anemia |
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potassium
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concentrated inside cells
- critical to maintain heartbeat |
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sodium
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outside cells
- excess can lead to edema and hypertension - maintains body fluid regulation |
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potassium
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concentrated inside cells
- critical to maintain heartbeat |
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zinc
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for functioning of immune system
- growth and development of fetus and children |
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enzymes
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chemicals that increase reaction speeds
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phosphorous
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-2nd most abundant mineral in body
-found in hydroxyapatite in bones and teeth -found in ATP -part of genetic material -found in phospholipids |
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chlorine
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- provides electrical balance
-part of stomach acid |
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sulfur
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- found in many proteins for stabilizing structure
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flourine
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reacts with hydroxyapatite to form flourapatite
- too much flouride can cause flourosis (discoloration of teeth) |
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stomach acid as HCl and its main uses
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-destroys bacteria you dont want in body
- activates certain protein digesting enzymes - cause proteins to denature or unfold. |
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phospholipids
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main component of cell membranes
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metastasize
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cancer spreads to other parts of body
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main causes of cancer
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radiation
virus carcinogens genetics |
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chemotherapy
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kill cancer with chemicals by binding to DNA to prevent midotsis
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top ten causes of death
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1. heart disease
2. cancer 3. stroke 4. lung disease 5. accident 6. pnemonia 7. diabetes 8. suicide 9. hiv infection 10. homicide |
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sweat
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99% water adn many electrolytes.
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caffiene
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impacts kidnes directly to increase urination
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alcohol
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blocks the action fo ADH
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oncogene
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regulate cell growth
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suppressor gene
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limiting cell growth and division
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