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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Heroin
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derived from opium; first synthesized in 1874; used to treat severe pain; injection is most common route of administration; originally marketed as a cure for morphine addiction, but then it was discovered that it rapidly metabolizes into morphine
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Methadone
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synthetic analog to morphine; first synthesized in 1937 in Germany; used as an analgesic and for treatment to opioid (derived from opium) dependence; many adverse effects that are not seen in morphine or other opiate/opioid
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Codeine
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a derivative of opium; first isolated in 1832; used as an analgesic, antianxiety, sedative and hypnotic; not believed to be as addictive of morphine
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Morphine
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derived from opium; used to relieve severe pain, acute or chronic; first isolated in 1804; took its name from Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams; used extensively during the Civil War.
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Marijuana
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tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the principal psychoactive
constituent; evidence of inhalation dates back to 3000 BC; most commonly consumed by smoking; low risk of dependence |
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PCP
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phencyclidine; first synthesized in 1926; originally for use as a general anesthetic; human use discontinued in 1965 as patients experienced delusions, severe anxiety and agitation
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LSD
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lysergic acid diethylamide; psychedelic drug causing altered sense of time, thinking processes and spiritual experiences; first synthesized in 1938; derived from
ergot, a grain fungus; psychedelic properties discovered accidentally when the inventor accidentally ingested an unknown quantity of the chemical; used as a psychiatric drug starting in 1947 |
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MDMA
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3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine; also known as ecstasy; induces euphoria, sense of intimacy and diminished anxiety; first synthesized in 1912; originally designed to stop abnormal bleeding; Army tried using it as an interrogation tool in the 1950s
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Alcohol
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most commonly consumed alcohol is ethanol (C2H6O or C2H5OH); methanol (CH4O or CH3OH) is toxic; reduces anxiety; has been consumed since prehistoric times
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Diazepam
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a benzodiazepine; used to treat anxiety, panic attacks, insomnia, seizures, RLS, drug and alcohol withdrawl; can cause amnesia and sedation; approved for therapeutic use in 1960; prescribed by psychiatrists and neurologists; also known as Valium
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Barbiturates
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structure shown here is Phenobarbital; used as anti-convulsamt and antianxiety; has sedative and hypnotic properties; no longer prescribed; first synthesized in
1902 |
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Xanax
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also known as Alprazolam; used to treat anxiety and panic disorders; has sedative, hypnotic and anticonvulsant properties; can also cause amnesia; first synthesized in the late 1960s
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Methamphetamine
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increases alertness, concentration and energy; in high doses can cause euphoria, self-esteem, increased libido; can cause cardiovascular damage with repeated use; first synthesized in 1919; used during WWII to help figh fatigue and enhance focus, some soldiers became agitated, could not channel aggression and showed impaired judgment; used to treat narcolepsy, mild depression and chronic alcoholism
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Cocaine
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acts as an appetite suppressant, topical analgesic; can cause euphoria, increased feelings of competency and sexuality; side effects include anxiety, paranoia, restlessness, hallucinations and itching; obtained from the leaves of the coca plant; used for over a thousand years by South American indigenous people by chewing on the leaves; first isolated in 1855; used recreationally by large population in early 20th century, until prohibition
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GHB
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gamma-hydroxybutyric acid; a depressant; used as a general anesthetic, until its possibility of addiction was discovered; used to treat narcolepsy, insomnia and occasionally alcoholism; can improve athletic performance; side
effects include nausea/vomiting, convulsions, cardiac arrest, respiratory depression and rapid unconsciousness; GHB is naturally produced by the body and found in some citrus fruits; synthesis first reported in 1874 club drug |
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Rohypnol
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flunitrazepam; a depressant; used as a hypnotic, sedative, anti-convulsant, anti-anxiety and muscle relaxer; used in hospitals for severe or chronic insomniacs; causes amnesia during its duration of action; first synthesized in 1972
club drug |
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Ketamine
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developed in 1965 as an alternative to PCP; used for general anesthesia in human and veterinary medicine; cause hallucinations, elevated blood pressure and
bronchodilation; like ecstasy, but with anesthetic properties club drug |
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Testosterone
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found naturally in the body; abused by athletes to stimulate muscle growth and improve strength; can be extracted from urine; first isolated in 1927 from bovine testicles
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Methandrostenolone
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added a methyl (CH3) group; this made the steroid
easier to take orally, would not be broken down by the liver |
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Adenine
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Purine Base of DNA
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Guanine
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Purine Base of DNA
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Cytosine
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Pyrimidine Base of DNA
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Thymine
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Pyrimidine Base of DNA
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Psychological Dependence
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conditioned use of a drug caused by underlying emotional needs
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Physical Dependence
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physiological need for a drug that has been brought about by its regular use
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Narcotics
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An analgesic or pain-killing substance that depresses vital body functions such as blood pressure, pulse rate, and breathing rate; regular administration of narcotics produces physical dependence
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Analgesic
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a drug or substance that lessens or eliminates pain narkotikos- greek for a state of lethargy
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Opiates
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narcotic
derived from opium, the poppy plant usually includes tertiary nitrogen |
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opioid
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Synthetic Opiate
similar physiological effects on the body as the opium narcotics, but made in the lab |
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Hallucinogens
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A substance that induces changes in mood, attitude, thought processes, and perceptions
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Depressants
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A substance that depresses the functions of the central
nervous system; depressants calm irritability and anxiety and may induce sleep anti anxiety |
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Stimulants
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A substance taken to increase alertness or activity.
side effects include paranoia, restlessness, itchiness, hallucinations |
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Serology
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The scientific study or diagnostic examination of blood serum, esp. with regard to the response of the immune system to pathogens
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Plasma
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the fluid portion of unclotted blood
55% of blood volume |
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Serum
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the liquid that separates from the blood when a clot
is formed |
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Erythrocyte
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red blood cell
for carrying O2 and removing CO2 solid portion of blood |
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Leukocyte
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white blood cell
fighting infections |
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Antigen
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a substance, usually a protein, that stimulates the
body to produce antibodies against it antibody generator |
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Antibody
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a protein that destroys or inactivates a specific
antigen in blood serum has 2 active sites |
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Agglutination
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the clumping together of red blood cells by the action of an antibody
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Rh-Factor
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(Rhesus factor)
D blood antigen |
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Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique
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EMIT
presumptive test |
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Polyclonal antibodies
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a series of antibodies are produced responding to a variety of different sites on the antigen
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Monoclonal antibodies
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a collection of identical antibodies that interact with a single antigen site
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Color Tests (Kastle-Meyer)
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is a presumptive blood test, first described in 1903,[1] in which the chemical indicator phenolphthalein is used to detect the possible presence of hemoglobin. It relies on the peroxidase-like activity of hemoglobin in blood to catalyze the oxidation of phenolphthalin (the colorless reduced form of phenolphthalein) into phenolphthalein, which is visible as a bright pink color.
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Luminol
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is a versatile chemical that exhibits chemiluminescence, with a striking blue glow, when mixed with an appropriate oxidizing agent.
Luminol is used by forensic investigators to detect trace amounts of blood left at crime scenes as it reacts with iron found in hemoglobin. |
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Microcrystalline Tests
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Takayama
Teichmann tests to identify specific substances by the color and morphology of the crystals formed when the substance is mixed with specific reagents |
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Precipitin Test
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Gene
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a unit of inheritance consisting of a DNA segment located on a chromosome
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Chromosome
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a rodlike structure in the cell nucleus, along which the genes are located; it is composed of DNA surrounded by other material, mainly proteins
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Allele
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any of several alternative forms of a gene located at the same point on a particular pair of chromosomes
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Homozygous
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having two identical allelic genes on two corresponding positions of a pair of chromosomes
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Heterozygous
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having two different allelic genes on two corresponding positions of a pair of chromosomes
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Dominant gene
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masks the expression of another allele
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Recessive gene
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has expression masked by another allele
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Codominant genes
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neither allele masks the expression of the other allele
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Genotype
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the particular combination of genes present in the cells of an individual
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Phenotype
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the physical manifestation of a genetic trait such as shape, color and blood type
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Punnett Square
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a diagram used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment
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Anabolic Steroids
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Steroids that promote muscle growth.
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Alcohol
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hydroxyl group
-OH |
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Amine
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nitrogen containing group with enough hydrogens to make three bonds total
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Aldehyde
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terminal carbon double bonded to an oxygen
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Amide
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carbon with single bond to nitrogen and double bond to oxygen
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Carboxylic Acid
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terminal carbon with hydroxyl group and double bond to oxygen
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Ester
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carbon with double bonded oxygen and interior oxygen
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Ether
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interior oxygen
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Ketone
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double bonded oxygen on interior carbon
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Screening
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A test that is nonspecific and preliminary in nature
at the scene |
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Confirmation
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A single test that specifically identifies a substance
in the lab |
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color tests
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Marquis – 2% formaldehyde in sulfuric acid
Dillie-Koppanyi – 1% cobalt acetate in methanol followed by 5% isopropylamine in methanol Duquenois-Levine – 2% vanillin and 1% acetaldehyd in ethanol, followed by concentrated hydrochloric acid, followed by chloroform Van Urk – 1% p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in 10% concentrated hydrochloric acid and ethyl alcohol Scott Test – 2% cobalt thiocyanate in water and glycerine, followed by concentrated HCl, followed by chloroform |
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Thin Layer Chromatography
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uses a solid stationary phase and a moving liquid phase to separate the constituents of a mixture
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Gas Chromatography
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separates mixtures on the basis of their distribution between a stationary liquid phase and a moving gas phase
can be combined with mass spectrometry |
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Spectrophotometry
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measure absorption of light as a function of wavelength or frequency
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Polymerase Chain Reaction
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PCR
A technique for replicating or copying a portion of a DNA strand outside of a living cell; this technique leads to millions of copies of the DNA strand |
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Primer
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a short strand of DNA used to target a region of DNA for replication by PCR
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Hybridization
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the process of joining two complementary strands of DNA to form a double-stranded molecule
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Tandem repeat
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a region of a chromosome that contains multiple copies of a core DNA sequence that are arranged in a repeating fashion
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Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms
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RFLPs
different fragment lengths of base pairs that result from cutting a DNA molecule with restriction enzymes |
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Short Tandem Repeats
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STRs
a region of a DNA molecule that contains short segments consisting of three to seven repeating base pairs |
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Electrophoresis
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a technique for separating molecules through their migration on a support medium while under the influence of electrical potential
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CODIS
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Combined DNA Index System
used by intelligence agencies and police to identify people |
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Mitochondria
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small structures located outside the nucleus of a cell; these structures supply energy to the cell; maternally inherited DNA is found in each mitochondrion
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Sequencing
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a procedure used to determine the order of the base pairs that constitute DNA
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Mitochondrial DNA
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reserved for instances where not enough sample is present to test for DNA
mtDNA ~16000 base pairs |
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Sources of DNA
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Sweat
Skin Blood Tissue Hair Mucus Saliva Semen |
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Acid phosphatase color test
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prseumptive test for semen
alpha-naphthyl acid phosphate and Brentamine fast blue, produces a dark purple color in less than a minute |
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Microscopic examination of semen
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confirmatory
negative result does not necessarily mean it is not semen |
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Prostate-Specific Antigen
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PSA
confirmatory test for semen |
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Nucleotides
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the unit of DNA consisting of one of four bases – adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine – attached to
a phosphate-sugar group |
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Complementary Base Pairing
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the specific pairing of base A with T and base C with G in double-stranded DNA
3 points of interaction for C & G 2 points of interaction for T & C |
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Hydrogen Bonding
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a strong dipole–dipole attractive force between a hydrogen bonded to an O, N or F and one of the electronegative atoms on a neighboring molecule
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Double helix
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a pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis
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primary structure
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linear sequence of nucleotides
one strand |
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secondary structure
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base pairing interactions on two strands of DNA to form the double helix
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Proteins
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polymers of amino acids that play basic roles in the structures and functions of living things
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Amino acids
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the building blocks of proteins, coded by a sequence of three bases (A, T, G or C)
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Human Genome
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the total DNA content found within the nucleus of a human cell
stored as DNA sequences in 23 chromosomes ~3 billion DNA base pairs |
