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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Chemistry?
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the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, the processes that matter undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany these processes
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Name the 6 branches or main areas of study of chemistry
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Organic Chem, Inorganic Chem, Physical Chem, Analytical Chem, Biochem, and Theoretical Chem
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Organic Chemistry is the study of...
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most carbon-containing compounds
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Inorganic Chemistry is the study of...
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non-organic substances, many of which have organic fragments bonded to metals
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Physical Chemistry is the study of...
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the properties and changes of matter and their relation to energy
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Analytical Chemistry is the...
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identification of the components and composition of materials
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Biochemistry is the study of...
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substances and processes occurring in living things
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Theoretical Chemistry is...
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the use of mathematics and computers to understand the principles behind observed chemical behavior and to design and predict the properties of new compounds
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What is a chemical?
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any substance that has a definite composition or is used or produced in a chemical process
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What is the purpose of basic research?
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increasing knowledge, such as how and why a specific reaction occurs and what the properties of a substance are
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What is the purpose of Applied Reserach
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to solve a problem
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What is technological development?
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the production and use of products that improve our quality of life
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Volume is...
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the amount of three-dimensional space an object occupies
*all matter has volume |
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Mass is...
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a measure of the amount of matter
**mass is the measurement you make using a balance |
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Matter can be defined as...
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anything that has mass and takes up space
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What are the two general properties of all matter?
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1. has mass
2. takes up space |
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What are the fundamental building blocks of matter?
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atoms and molecules
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An atom is...
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the smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical identity of that element
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An element is...
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a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler, stable substances and is made of one type of atom
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A compound is...
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a substance that can be broken down into simple stable substances
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Each compound is made from...
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the atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded
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Molecules are...
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the smallest unit of an element or compound that retains all of the properties of that element or compound
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What are the two types of properties?
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intensive & extensive
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Extensive properties depend on...
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the amount of matter that is present
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Intensive properties do not...
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depend on the amount of matter present
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Extensive properties include...
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volume, mass, and the amount of energy in a substance
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Intensive properties include...
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the melting point, boiling point, density, and ability to conduct electricity
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What are the two general types of properties?
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1. Physical properties
2. Chemical properties |
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A physical property is...
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a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance
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Examples of physical properties...
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melting point and boiling point
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What is a physical change in a substance?
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a change that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance
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Examples of physical change...
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grinding, cutting, melting, and boiling a material
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What is a change of state in a substance?
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a physical change of a substance from one state to another
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What are the three common states of matter?
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solid, liquid, gas
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matter in the solid state has...
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definite volume and definite shape
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Why do solids have the characteristic of definite volume and shape?
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because the particles in them are packed together in relatively fixed positions
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Matter in the liquid state has...
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a definite volume but an indefinite shape; a liquid assumes the shape of its container
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Why do liquids have this characteristic?
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because the particles in them are close together but can move past one another...the particles in a liquid move more rapidly than those in a solid
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Matter in the gas state has...
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neither definite volume nor definite shape
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Why do gases have this characteristic?
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because they are composed of particles that move very rapidly and are at great distances from one another compared with the particles of liquids and solids
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What is the 4th state of matter?
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Plasma
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What is plasma?
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a high-temperature physical state of matter in which atoms lose most of their electrons, particles that make up atoms
**Plasma is found in florescent bulbs |
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A chemical property relates to...
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a substance's ability to undergo changes that transform it into different substances by altering its composition and identity
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What is a chemical change or a chemical reaction?
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a change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances
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What is the 4th state of matter?
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Plasma
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What are reactants?
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the substances that react in a chemical change
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What is plasma?
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a high-temperature physical state of matter in which atoms lose most of their electrons, particles that make up atoms
**Plasma is found in florescent bulbs |
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A chemical property relates to...
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a substance's ability to undergo changes that transform it into different substances
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What is a chemical change or a chemical reaction?
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a change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances
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What are reactants?
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the substances that react in a chemical change
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In relation to a chemical change, what are products?
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the substances that are FORMED by the chemical change
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What do the arrows and plus signs stand for?
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yields and plus
EX: carbon+oxygen (arrow here) carbon dioxide |
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Chemical changes & reactions, such as _____ & _______, form products whose properties differ greatly from those of the reactants
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combustion and decomposition
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What is always involved when physical or chemical changes occur?
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ENERGY
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What are two forms energy can take?
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heat or light
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Heat can provide enough energy to cause...
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a physical change such as melting of AND sometimes a chemical change as in the decomposition of water vapor to form oxygen gas and hydrogen gas
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Accounting for all the energy present before and after a change is not simple BUT the total amount of energy...
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remains the same
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Energy can be absorbed or released in a change BUT it is NOT
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destroyed or created during a change...it simply assumes a different form
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What is the law of conservation of energy?
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That energy can be absorbed or released in a change but it is not destroyed or created
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Any sample of matter can be classified as either...
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a pure substance OR as a mixture
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What is a pure substance?
The composition of a pure substance... |
an element or a compound
is the same throughout & does not vary from sample to sample |
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In contrast to a pure substance, a mixture can...
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contain more than one substance
they can vary in composition and properties from sample to sample & from one part of a sample to another part of the same sample |
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All matter, whether it is a pure substance or a mixture, can be classified in terms of : (2 things)
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1. uniformity of composition
2. properties of a given sample |
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What is a mixture?
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a blend of two or more kinds of matter, each retaining its own identity & properties
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How are the parts or components of a mixture combined?
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simply mixed together physically and can usually be separated
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What are homogeneous mixtures?
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mixtures that are uniform in composition
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What is another term for a homogeneous mixture?
Example of such a mixture is... |
solutions
salt-water solution is an example |
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What are heterogeneous mixtures?
Example... |
mixtures that are NOT uniform throughout
**Example is a mixture of clay & water where heavier clay particles concentrate near the bottom of the container |
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How can some mixtures be separated?
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By filtration or vaporized to separate the different components
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Any sample of a pure substance is what type of mixture?
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homogeneous
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A pure substance has a fixed composition and differs from a mixture in the following ways:
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1. every sample of a given pure substance has exactly the same characteristics
2. every sample of a given pure substance has exactly the same composition |
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Pure substances are either...(2)
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1. compounds
2. elements |
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A compound can be decomposed, or broken down, into two or more simpler compounds or elements by what kind of change?
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a chemical change
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Water is a compound chemically bonded to form a single substance but can be broken down into hydrogen and oxygen through a chemical reaction called...
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electrolysis
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Elements serve as the...
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building blocks of matter
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Elements are organized into groups based on similar...
This organization of elements is the... |
chemical properties
periodic table |
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Each small square of the periodic table shows the...(2 things)
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1. symbol for the element
2. atomic number |
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the vertical columns of the periodic table are...
the horizontal rows are... |
groups or families
periods |
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the two sets of elements placed below the periodic table make up what kind of series? (2)
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1. lanthanide series
2. actinide series |
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What is a metal?
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an element that is a good electrical conductor and a good heat conductor
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What is the property of malleability that most metals have?
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the ability to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets
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Why do metals behave in such a way that they can be rolled into thin sheets or drawn in to a fine wire (ductile)?
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because they have high TENSILE STRENGTH which is the ability to resist breaking when pulled
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At room temp., nonmetals are...
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gases
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Low conductivity can be used to define nonmetals. What are nonmetals?
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an element that is a POOR conductor of heat and electricity
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Phosphorus is one of 5 solid nonmetals. Pure phosphorus is known in 2 common forms:
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1. red phosphorus (dark red powder that melts at 598 degrees C)
2. white phosphorus (a waxy solid that melts at 44 degrees C) |
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What nonmetal do all living things contain?
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phosphorus
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What is a metalloid?
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an element that has some characteristics of metals and some characteristics of nonmetals
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What makes the noble gases very different from the other families of elements?
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low reactivity
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All substances have ___________ (2 words) that enable chemists to tell the substances apart and separate the substances
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characteristic properties
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What other kind of change accompanies physical and chemical changes?
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energy changes
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Matter can be classified into two groups:
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1. mixtures
2. pure substances |
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On the periodic table, elements are organized by their:
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chemical propterties
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Elements on the periodic table can be classified as: (4 classifications)
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1. metals
2. nonmetals 3. metalloids 4. noble gases |
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What class of elements tend to be shiny, malleable, and ductile as well as good conductors?
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metals
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What class of elements tend to be brittle & poor conductors?
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NONmetals
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Metalloids are intermediate in properties between which two classes of elements?
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metals and nonmetals
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Which class of elements are generally unreactive elements?
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Noble Gases
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