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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Reactions - Alkyl Halides (R-X)
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Nucleophilic Substitution (SN1, SN2)
Beta elimination |
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Reagent - Nucleophilic substitution of alkyl halide
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Electron rich nucleophile, E.g OH-,
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Reagent - Beta elimination of alkyl halide
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Strong base eg NaOH, NH2-
Removes halide and hydrogen from adjacent carbon. Products formed according to Zaitsevs rule |
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Reactions - Alcohols
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React with active metals
Conversion to alkyl halides (Substitution, SN1 SN2) Acid catalyzed dehydration |
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Reagent - Conversion of alcohol to alkyl halide
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H-X or thional chloride (SOCl2)
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Reagent - Dehydration of alcohol
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Phosphoric or sulfuric acid. Removes hydrogen from OH and from adjacent carbon.
Forms alkene. |
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Reactions - Aldehydes
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Nucleophilic addition (Addition of grinard reagents)
Oxidation Reduction DNPH Test (Aldehydes and ketones) Silver mirror test (Aldehydes only) |
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Reactions - Ketones
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Nucleophilic addition (Addition of grinard reagents)
Reduction DNPH Test (Aldehydes and ketones) |
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Reagent / Method - Nucleophilic addition to aldehydes or ketones (Addition of grinyard reagents)
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R-Mg-X, One bond from C=O bond breaks, Joins R group, O bonds with H+ to form alcohol.
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Reagent / Product - Oxidation of aldehyde
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Chromic acid (HCrO4), Forms caboxylic acid.
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Reagent - Reduction of aldehyde / Ketone
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LiAlH4 or NaBH4
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Reagent - Reduction of aldehyde / Ketone AND carboxylic acid
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LiAlH4
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Reagent - selective Reduction of aldehyde / Ketone
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NaBH4
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Reactions - Carboxylic acids
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Neutralization (Normal acid base reaction)
Reduction Conversion to acid halides Esterification Conversion to acid anhydride Conversion to amide |
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Reagent - Neutralization of carboxylic acid
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Strong base, forms water soluable salt
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Reagent - Reduction of carboxylic acid
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LiAlH4 - Forms alcohol.
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Reagent / Method - Conversion of carboxylic acid to acid chloride
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Thional chloride (SOCl2)
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Reagent / Method - Esterification of carboxylic acid
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React carboxylic acid with alcohol + H2SO4, OH leaves
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Reagent / product - Reduction of esters
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LiAlH4 - Forms 2 alcohols, bond breaks at the single bonded O.
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Reagent / product - Reduction of amides
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LiAlH4 - Removes oxygen from C=O
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Order of reactivity - Carboxylic acid derivatives (Most to least).
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Acid halide > Anhydride > Ester > Amide
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Finding Ph of a buffer solution
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[Acid]/[Conjugate Base] * Ka
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Finding Poh of a buffer solution
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[Base]/[Conjugate Acid] * Kb
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Positive delta S =
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Increase in entropy - Ie going from solid to liquid, Dispersing into more molecules
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Gibbs free energy equation
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Delta G = Delta H - T*Delta S
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1st Law of thermodynamics
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Conservation of energy
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2nd Law of thermodynamics
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Universe = system + surroundings
A reaction is spontaneous if the entropy of the universe is increased. |
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3rd Law of thermodynamics
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Entropy at absolute zero = 0
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