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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Boyle's Law |
Pi x Vi = Pf x Vf |
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Charles Law |
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Guy-Lussac's Law |
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Avagadro's Law |
1 mole of gas = 22.4 L at 1 atm and 0 degrees C |
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Ideal gas law |
PV = nRT R = 0.0821 L atm/mol K |
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Henry's Law |
At a constant temp, the amount of gas that can be dissolved is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in equilibrium with the liquid. |
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Dalton's Law |
The total pressure is the the sum of the partial pressure of the individual gases. |
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Graham'a Law of Effusion |
Process where individual molecules flow through a hole without collision between molecules. |
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Combined Gas Law |
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Hemiacetal |
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Hemiketal |
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Acetal |
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What kind of isomer? |
Left: D-isomer Right: L-Isomer Look at OH furthest from the carbonyl carbon. |
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What forms a hemiacetal? |
Aldehyde and alcohol |
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What forms a hemiketal? |
hetone and alcohol |
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When you look at a ring, what tells you if it is a D or L isomer? |
The CH2OH tail. If it is pointing up then it is a D and if it is pointing down, then it is an L. |
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Which side of the chain goes on which side of the ring? |
The Right side of the chain goes on the bottom. The Left side of the chain goes on the top. |
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If we were to take a picture of the ring like structure what would it typically look like? |
It would look closed |
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What is the typical configuration of the ring structures? Would it be alpha or beta and why? |
Beta structure are what is most likely to happen because the OH has more space. |
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what is a N-glycosidic bond? |
sugars attached by a N |
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What is an o-glycosidic bond? |
Sugars attached by an O |
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If a sugar causes reduction, it means that the sugar is _____. |
Oxidized |
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What does a sugar need to be in order to be oxidized? |
It needs to have a functional group that can be oxidized |
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What is the difference between glucose and gluconic acid? |
The CHO in gluconic acid is oxidized. |
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Gluconic acids will form what kind of rings? |
Lactones |
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What two acids will glucose create by being oxidized? |
Gluconic and Uronic acid |
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What are reduced sugars? |
These are sugar alcohols that have had the carbonyl or keto group that has been reduced. |
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Which type of fat is more fluid and which is more solid? |
Unsaturated fats are more fluid saturated fats are more solid |
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What is this? |
This is a gycerol backbone |
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What is this? |
Sphingosine backbone |
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Alcohol amine |
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What is a plasmalogen? |
It is has an ether and ester linkage, glycerol backbone, unsaturated fatty acid, fatty acyl unit, and a phosphorylated alcohol amine. |
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If you hydrolyzed this molecule, how many sugars? |
3 |
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What form of sugar does your body recognize? |
D-sugars |
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What form of Amino acids does our body recognize? |
L-isomers |
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How many amino acids will we find in proteins? |
20 |
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What does an amino acid look like in water? |
It looks unprotonated on the carbonyl end and protonated on the amine end. |
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Do amides have a pK? |
Nope |
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What is the only amino acid that is secondary? |
proline |
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What is the only amino acid that does not have optical activity? |
Glycine |
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What is a peptide bond? |
It is a rigid C to N bond that is not quite a single bind and not quite a double bond. It is an amide bond. |
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Which part of an amino acid has a high pK? |
The N-terminal; the amine part |
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What part of an amino acid has a low pK? |
The C terminal: carbonyl side |
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What are non-polar amino acids? |
These don't have a charge and are hydrophobic, so they make globular proteins, so they can stay away from water. |
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What are polar non-charged amino acids? |
These can make disulfide bonds or can be part of catalytic sites on certain enzymes, since it is reactive. |
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What are charged amino acids? |
These have charged side groups. They establish salt bridges and help to stabilize the structure. |
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How do you know how long a tissue is dead for? |
More L-isomers means living tissue More D-isomers means dead tissue |
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What is primary structure? |
It is sequence of amino acids |
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What is secondary structure? |
It is the orientation of the amino acid sequence in the 3D space. This is mostly for a piece of the domain. |
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What is tertiary structure? |
Is the 3D structure of the entire polypeptide chain. |
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What is quaternary Structure? |
It is the subunits, needs 2 or more for it to be a quaternary structure. Held together by non-covalent bonds. |
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How do we know the number of amino acid arrangements? |
We take the number amino acids and multiple down. |
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Will having just one amino acid off, effect the function? |
Yes, it will heavily effect the function of the protein. |
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In Beta sheets, how can you get the strongest type of bond? |
Anti-parallel, these are highly directed hydrogen bonds. |
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What are beta turns? |
They hairpin turns that are held together by hydrogen bonds. At the end of the amino acid. |
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How are proteins anchored in the cell membrane? |
The hydrophobic amino acid side chains and the charged outer portions outside of the lipid membrane. |
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What is the most common porphorin system in the body? |
Protophorphorin IX |
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What is the lewis acid that sits in the middle of the pophoryn system? |
It is iron. It typically has a 2+ ionization. It sits 0.3 angstroms below the ring. When oxygen is introduced into the plane of the ring, then it move iron into the ring. |
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When oxygen enters the hemoglobin, what happens? |
The molecule opens up and allows more oxygen in. H-bonds are broken and 2,3-BPG can't bind either. |
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How does the pulse ox read the oxygen saturation? |
When oxygen comes in the the molecule goes through an electronic change, so it absorbs light differently. |
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What is cooperativity? |
It is when there is a small change then there is a long distance interaction. This is when multiple units are working together. |
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What is the cooperativity of myoglobin and hemoglobin? What does a change do for that? |
Myoglobin- 1 Hemoglobin - 2.8 > 2.8 the hemoglobin flops apart and can't squeeze out O2 < 2.8 the hemoglobin won't open and would require increased partial pressure to bind O2 |
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What is the bohr effect? |
pH is directly related to O2 release |
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What do the myoglobin and hemoglobin curves look like? |
Myoglobin has a linear curve and hemglobin has a sigmoidal curve. |
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What is the isohydric shift? |
The proton that is released in metabolization is formed into carbonic acid via the carbonic anhydrase. H+ is made as CO2 leaves the tissue. |
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What's the difference between the fetal hemaglobin and the maternal hemaglobin? |
2,3-BPG does not bind at well to hemoglobin in fetal hemaglobin. |
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What is the hamburger shift? |
Same as the chloride shift. When bicarb leaves, Cl- comes in. It's about charge neutrality. |
