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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What accurately define shape and size of a molecules?
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Bond angles and bond lengths
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What is a bonding pair?
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defines a region in which the electrons will most likely be fond
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What is a nonbonding pair?
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lone pair, defines an electron domain which is located principally on one atom
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What produces an electron domain?
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each nonbonding pair, single bond, or multiple bond
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Whta produces the best arrangement for a given number of electrons?
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the one that minimizes repulsions among thems
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When and why do bond angles decrease?
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they decrease when the number of nonbondinf electrons pairs increase because a bonding pair is attracted by both nuclei of the bonded atoms, but the nonbonding pair experiences less nucelar attraction so it its electron domain spreads out more
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What is the the relationship between nonbonding electron domains and bonding angles?
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electron domains for nonbonding electron pairs exert greater repulsive forces on adjacent electron domains and thus tend to compress bond angles
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Who exerts a greater repulsive for on adjacent electron domains?
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In general multiple bonds, but there are exceptions like NO3-
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What is bond polarity?
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a measure of how equally the electrons in a bon d are shared between the two atoms of the bond
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when will bond polarity increase?
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when the difference in electronegativity increase
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What is a dipole moment?
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measure of the amount of charge seperation in the molecule, depends on both the polartities of individual bonds and the geometry of the molecule
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what is a bond dipole?
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the dipole moment that is due only to the two atos in that bond
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what is hybridization?
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the process of mixing atomic orbitals as atoms approach eash other to form bonds
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What is bond order? What does a bond order of 1,2 or 3 represent?
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(1/2)*bonding-nonbonding)
single bond, double bond, triple bond, |
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What are dipole-dipole forces?
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neutral polar molecules attract each other when the positive end of one molecules is near the negative end of another
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What are london dispersion forces?
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electrons repel one another so the motions of electrons on one atom influence the motions of electrons on its neighbor, thus the temporary dipole on one atom can induce a similar temproary dipole on an adjaccent atom causing the atoms to be attracted to each other. (the wave)
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What is hydrogen bonding?
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a special type of intermolecular attraction between the hydrpgen atom in a polaar bond (H-F, H-N, H-O) and an unshared electron pair on a nearby small electronegative ion or atom
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Why is ice less dense than water?
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molecules assume an ordered open arrangment which optimizes the hydrogen bonding interactions between molecules, so they create open cavitities
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What is vicosity?
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the resistance of a liquid to flow
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How does one determine what intermolecular forces are at work?
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*ions are involved, if both polar molcules and ions are present its ion-dipole forces, if not it is ionic
If no ions, but polar and hydrogenn its hydrogen bonds, If no ions, polar, and no hydrogen bonds, then dipole dipole If no ions, nonpolar its london |
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What is surface tension?
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energy required to increase the surace area of liquid by a unit amoint
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What does volatile mean?
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A liquid will evaporate reasily
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What is a crystalline solid?
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things are ordered in well defined arangments
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What is an amorpous solid?
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particles habe orderly strucutre ie rubber and lass
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What is a crystal lattice?
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a three dimensional array of points that represents a crystalline solid
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What are the fractions occupied by a unit cell in various positions?
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center-1
face-1/2 edge-/14 corner 1/8 |
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What are donor atoms?
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the atom of the ligand boudn directly to the metal
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What are monodentate ligands?
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possess a single donor atom and are able to occupy only one site in a coordination sphere
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What are polydentate ligands?
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occupy multiple coordination sites also known as chelating agents
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In naming salt which is given first?
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the name of the action is given before the name of the anion
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When is the metal named?
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Within a cmplex ion or molecule the ligands are named before the metal, ligands are listed in alphabetical order regardless of charge, prefixes that give the number of ligands are not considered part of the ligand naming in considering order
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How are the ligands named?
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the names of anionic ligands end in the letter o whereas neutral ones ordinarily bear the name of the molecules
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Azide (N3-)
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Azido
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Bromide (Br-)
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bromo
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chloride (Cl-)
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chloro
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Cyanide (CN-)
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cyano
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Fluoride (F-)
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fluoro
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Hydroxide (OH-)
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hydroxo
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Carbonate (CO3 2-)
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carbonato
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Oxalate (C2O4 2-)
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Oxalato
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Oxide (O 2-)
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Oxo
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Ammonia (NH3)
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ammine
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CO
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carbonyl
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Pyridine (C5H5N)
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Pyridine
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Water
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aqua
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What indicated number?
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Greek prefixes (di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa)
If it already has prefixes you use (bis, tris, tetrakis, pentakis, and hexakis) and put the substance in paranthesis |
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How is the complex named if it is an anion?
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in -ate
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Where is the oxidation number given?
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given in parenthesis in roman numerals following the the name of the meatal
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What are isomers?
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same formula different properties, different arrangment of atoms
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What are structural isomers?
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have different bonds
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What does a linear molecular shape look like? angles?
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180
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What does a trigonal planar molecular shape look like? angles?
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120
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What does a tetrahedral molecular shape look like? angles?
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109.5
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What does a trigonal bipyramidal look like? angles?
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120, 90, 180
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What does an octahedral look like? angles?
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90, 180
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What are the electron domain geometries?
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linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, octahedral
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If there are no lone pairs on central atoms how will the shapes align?
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so that atoms are as far apart as possible
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How is the lone pair drawn in?
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takes the place of the next shape up
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How do you determine which structure is best?
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lp-bp,bp-bp,lp-lp, don't want lone par interactions, count interactions that are 90 degrees apart or less
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What is the bond angles for NH3
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106.5 because has lone pars
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What is bond angle of water?
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104.5 because has more lone pairs
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What is the bond angle of COCl2?
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111.8 because has double bond
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Where do covalent bonds come from?
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the overlap of orbitals
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What is the hybridization for linear?
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sp
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What is the hybridization for trigonal planar?
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sp2
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What is the hybridization for tetrahedral?
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sp3
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What is the hybridization for trig bipy?
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sp3d
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What is the hybridization for octahedral?
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sp3d2
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Which bond is stronger?
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sigma because pi has less energy so weaker because it does not overlap as well
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Why would it be better to have formal charges at times?
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may allow for pi bonds
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What happens when there is resonance?
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delocalized bonding
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What does a higher bond order mean?
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stronger short bonds
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What is the coordination number?
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the number of ligands connected to the central atom
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Which conducts electricity?
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ionic, not covalent
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How do you determine the number of d electrons
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(group number-oxidation started)
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What are linkage isomers?
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structural, can have the ions bind from different places on the substance ie SCN, can bind from the S or N
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What are coordination-sphere isomers?
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structural, there are different ligands in the coordination sphere ie CrCl36H2O
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What are geometrics isomers?
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stereoisomers, arrange stuff differently
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What are optical isomers?
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same, but mirror images
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What do trans and cis mean?
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cis-next to
trans-across from |
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When is something chiral?
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pair or identical trans to another other, two identical cis ligands that trans another pair of identical cis ligands
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What is the crystal field theory?
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accounts for color and magnetism of transition metal complexes
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What happens when there is a split?
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__ __((dz^2, dx^2-y^2) up in energy
__ __ __ (dxy,dxz,dyz) down in energy |
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What determines what kind of light is absorbed?
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splitting because it determines energy
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What is the spectrochemical series?
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cl-<f-<H20<NH3<en<NO2-<CN-,
so the smaller splitting the lower the energy |
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What does low-spin mean?
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paired, large splitting, won't jump up
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What does high spin mean?
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small splitting so more theings are unpaired, will jump up
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What are the forces that hokd molecules together in a liquid or a solid which do not act significantly in a gas?
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intermolecular forces
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Ionic bonding?
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NaCl, very strong
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Where are ion-dipole forces founed?
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not in pure substances, in solution
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What do strong molecular forces mean?
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high boiling, melting poitn
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What molecules normally have higher boiling points?
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heavier molecules due to london dispersion forces
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Why is the bp of water so much higher?
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because of the hydrogen bonds, can bond in two spots not just one
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What is deposition?
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gas to solid ie frost
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What vaporization?
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liquid to gas
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What is condensation?
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gas to liquid ie dew
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What is melting?
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solid to liquid
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Whaty is freezing?
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Liquid to solid
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What is sublimation?
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solid to gas ie ice cube
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What info can we get from the curve of water?
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delta h for melting (B)
Hvap (D to E) specific heat (c-d gives joules) J/grams degree celsius |
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What happends when a substance boils?
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bubble forms but has to push back atmosphere so to rise it must be equal or greater to atmospheric pressure
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What are units for Hvap?
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j/mol
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What is the clausius clapeyron equation?
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ln(p2/p2)=delta h/R(1/t1-1/t2)
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What is the triple point?
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All three
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What is the critical point
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Everything goes to shit after that
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What does primitive cubic, body centered cubic, face centered?
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everything on edge (1) e=2r, 1 atom in center (2), on face as well (4) e=4r
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