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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 types of diabetes
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Type 1: Insulin dependent
Type 2: non-insular (cells don't know how to use) Type 3: gestational |
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common table sugar-
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sucrose
-disaccharride -forms by condensation reaction, broken down back into glucose or fructrose through hydrolysis reaction -body can't use (broken down into glucose or fructrose |
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condensation reaction
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a process in which two molecules react to eliminate water or some other small molecule and combine to form a new compound
In sugar: Two mono sacaride molecules form a di sacride by collectiviely eliminating a water molecule what kind of polymer is made?- condensation polymer |
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Glysemic index
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measures how fast a component carbohydrate is broken down into simple sugars and is transferred into the blood stream
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Plants produce cellulose by what process?
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photosynethesis
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Saturated Fats vs. Unsaturated fats
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Saturated: only single C-C bonds
Unsaturated: single C-C bond and one or more C=C bonds Mono unsaturated: only one C=C bond Poly unsaturated: more than on C=C bonds |
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which fat has has a single but at least one double carbon bond
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Unsaturated
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which fat has has a single but at least one double carbon bond
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Unsaturated
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Hydrogenation
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the catalyzed addition of a molecule of hydrogen gas, H2, to a C=C double bond in a molecule, converting it to a C-C
-process by which polyunsaturated liquid oils are converted in the semi-solids useful in margarine. ex. Margarine |
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Creation of Margarine
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Hydrogenation reaction
-molecule of H2 gas is added to a C=C bond, converting it to C-C. Some of the remaining C=C bonds in the oils are converted from the cis orientation (in which both carbon chains lie on the same side of the C=C unit, to the trans orientation, in which they lie on opposite sides. |
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What molecule does an amine correspond to?
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NH3-ammonia
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When you replace something on an amine, what are the 1, 2, and 3, hydrogen atoms replaced with?
If one of the r groups were an methol group what would it be called? |
r groups
-methal amine |
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What is the most striking characteristic of an amine
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bad, fishy smell
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What are the molecules called that travel between the nerve cells
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nuero transmitters
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What is the gap between the two nerve cells
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synaptic area
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What are the sites called where the nero transmitters land?
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receptor areas
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half life
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of time required for 1/2 amount of substance to decompose
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What nero transmitter is produced in the brain and regulates mood, movement, and attention but instrumental in the affects of cocaine?
Why does it stay in that area a longer time? |
dopamine
-Blocks the reabsorption so it stays in the synaptic area longer |
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What is the chemical name for asprin?
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Aceticlyicacid
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If I had a headache and inflammation which would I want to take?
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asprin or motrin- tyleonol wouldn’t control inflammation
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Analgesic
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Pain-relief
-Tylenol, Asprin, Motrin/Advil Acetominophen, Acetylselicylic, IbruProfen |
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Antipyretic
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fever-reducer:
-Tylenol, Asprin, IbruProfen |
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Anti-inflammatory
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Asprin, Advil/Motril
-NOT Tylenol |
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What is the organic compound in which an amino group is bonded to a carbon of a carbonal group
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An amide
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example of a poly-amide
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Nylon
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DNA and RNA are molecules of what type of acids
When they are joined in small sub units they are called... What are 3 components of the nucelotides? |
Nucleic acids
nucelotides -acydic phosphate, nitrogen base, and sugar |
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What two nitrogen bases are considered purines?
What is the different between an purine and a perimides? |
A (adonine) and G (guamine)
-perimides only have one ring, the others have 2 |
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What nitrogen bases are considered perimides?
What is the different between an purine and a perimides? |
C, T, U
-perimides only have one ring, the others have 2 |
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What is a messenger molecule called
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mRNA
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What nitrogen base is found only in DNA
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thymine
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What nitrogen base is found only in RNA
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uracel
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What nitrogen base is found only in RNA
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uracel
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The double helix of a DNA is connected by what type of bonding?
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Hydrogen bonding
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What are the linear sequences of bases of DNA refered to?
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Genes
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What are the 3 roles that RNA play?
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· MRNA- messenger
○ Intermediate copy that guides genetic synthesis ○ Record information from nucleic acid from DNA in the nucleus and carry it to the ribosomes · TRNA- carrier- transfer- delivers amino acid one by one to protein chains at ribosomes · rRNA- machinery- ribosomal- exists outside the nucleus in the cytoplasma |
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What are the triplets of bases called (DNA)?
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codons
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What are the triplets of bases called (RNA)?
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Anti codons
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What are polypeptides composed of?
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Amino acids
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hat happens when you have a polypetide and it grown long enough, what does it become?
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Protein
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Proteins shaped are described as 4 different structures, what are they?
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○ Primary structure- sequence of amino acids along a chain- acts as a backbone- will determine the region where the polypeptide will connect
○ Secondary- start to form hydrogen bonds between the "backbone" atoms and form the amino sequence into the secondary structure- end up with a helix or pleted structure § Alpha helix- looks like it is winded around a pole (like a piece of curly hair that can be stretched out and then goes back to its form) □ Ex: skin, nails, hair § Beta pleted sheets- sheet and pleated back and forth- form hydrogen bonds between, flexible like silk, very strong ○ Tertiary- coils and forms even more (balling a piece of really curly hair up) § 4 kinds of bonding to make these § Salt bonds § Hydrogen bonds § Disulfite bonds § Hyrdophobic attaction- like a hydro carbon ○ Quarterrany- add more to it, maybe a red blood cell- adding something to the tertiary cell § Usually a hemoglobim § Hair color- melomim (blonde hair, a lack of it) |
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Which protein shape is represented by a sequence of amino acids along the protein chain?
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Primary
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Which protein shape consists of more than two types of polypetide chains or contain non- peptide units
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Quarterrany
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How much protein does a person need in their body?
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1 gram per kilogram of body weight per day
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Dietary proteins are broken down into how many amino acids?
How many are essential? What happens if you consume more than you need, what happens to them? |
20
-10 -They are excreted in urine |
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What are genetic diseases based upon?
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Mutations of the nitrogen base series
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4 basic types of mutations, what are they?
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Substitution, deletion, inversion, insertion
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What type of protein turns a gene off?
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Repressor proteins
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What makes a non soluble lipid soluble?
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Water soluble coding of a protein- a lipo protein
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What gives a lipid the distinction between LDL and HDL?
what makes one heavier than the other? |
density- one is high and one is low
-# of proteins |
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What are the 3 types of traits carried through generations?
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Physical, medical predisposition, behavioral
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How many chromosomes do a human have and where do they come from?
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46, 23 from each parent
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If a DNA strand made words, what are these called?
what would the sentences represent? |
Codons
-Genes |
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What is an incomplete protein?
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Doesn’t contain all the amino acid in correct proportions to make a human protein
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Which is the good cholesterol?
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HDL
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What drugs are used to help control cholesterol to block enzymes that make it?
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Statins
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7 roles of protein in body
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Protein Roles in the body
· Structural- hair, fingernails, horns- form much of the physical body · Contractile- allow muscles to contract such as the heart and allow sperm to swim · Regulatory- control cellular activity and hormones · Protective- ward off micro organisms and coagulate blood · Transport- carries oxygen from organ to organ · Cataylic- enzymes, control the rate of production and destruction of certain substances · Storage- allows storage of certain nutrients (ex: iron)- not immediately needed for your body to function |
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Optimum Cholesterol levels
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Less than 200 miligrams for good cholesterol- no more than 30 can be LDL -ratios of LDL/HDL 5 for men, 4.5 for women |
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Fats
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· Mono unsaturated- lower in total cholesterol, high in HDL, low in LDL- better to have
· Poly unsaturated- lower in total cholesterol, high HDL- better to eat · Saturated- high in total cholesterol, high HDL, high in LDL- bad · Trans fatty acids- low in HDL, high in LDL- very bad fats |
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Steriods (male and female)
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Female: · Estrogen and progesterone (controls ovulation)
Estradiol- regulates the production of eggs and responsible for female sex characteristics Male: · Testosterone- promotes muscle growth ○ Helps sperm grown and male parts ○ If you take a synthetic one for a while it can cause liver damage |
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Plants cannot contain what type of glucose polymers
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Starches
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What purpose does cellulose serve in our bodies?
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becomes fiber and removes toxic waste, lowers cholesterol
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