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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which vitamins are water soluble?
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B and C
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What disease is a result of Vitamin C deficiency?
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Scurvy
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Which vitamins are fat soluble?
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A, D, E, and K
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What disease is a result of Vitamin B deficiency?
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Spinobifida:
Crucial: B-9: Folic Acid ○ Prevents spin bifida- need enough in the first 3-4 weeks- problem, a lot of women don't know they are pregnant |
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Characteristics of Vitamin B
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Small molecules
· Act as coenzymes · Vital for metabolic activities in the body · Involved in the production of energy · Important in synthesis of DNA and RNA · Important in processing proteins · Folic Acid ○ Prevents spin bifida- need enough in the first 3-4 weeks- problem, a lot of women don't know they are pregnant Great for preventing Alzheimer's, heart disease, strokes |
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coenzymes
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• Cant be synthesized by the body but is required to combine with enzymes to make it active
-Vitamin B |
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What vitamin is found in red wine, chocolate, and grape fruit?
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Vitamin E
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Whether a vitamin is fat or water soluble dictates:
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○ Dictate absorption
○ How they travel ○ Where they are stored ○ And how they are lost |
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What vitamin is found most in fruits?
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Vitamin C
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How many different vitamins does a human require?
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13
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Vitamins
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· Essential
· Noncaloric · Organic compounds that enable the body to absorb, digest and build what it needs · Not synthesized within the body ○ Come from food ○ Comes from supplements · Very small amounts (We need 13) |
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Which vitamins have a toxic level
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A,D,E, and K because they can be stored in fat (fat soluble)
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Characteristics of Vitamin E
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Strongest anti-oxidant
Found in grains Deficiencies • Sterility, anemia, decay in muscle tissue Capable of swelling and preventing oxidation • Free radicals damage cells and protein and DND (destructor) • Oxidative stress: accumulating of damage by free radicals |
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What vitamin is found in egg yolks, nuts, and vegetable oil?
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Vitamin E
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What vitamin added to vegetable oil prevents it from from oxidizing and going rancid?
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Vitamin E
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A deficiency in what vitamin produces sterility, anemia, and decay in muscle tissue?
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Vitamin E
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What vitamin is found most in Milk eggs, and liver?
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Vitamin A
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A deficiency in what vitamin causes blindness?
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Vitamin A
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Characteristics of Vitamin A
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Too much is not good for you · Produces retinal- used by cones in your eyes to see light- carrots help your eyes! · Milk eggs, liver · Key to sight · Growth in children · Can store in the liver for up to one year · First vitamin that was discovered · Deficiency is the major cause of blindness in the world · Role in having healthy skin- mucus membranes happy · Keeps cells happy- resists cancer · Fights cancer by resisting the production of DNA of cancer · Stroke victims with high vitamin A are less likely to die or suffer disabilities · Best source is liver · Causes rough and dry skin and then night blindness if you lack it · If you take a large amount of it- your hair can start falling out, you can get head aches, stunted growth, muscle aches, joint aches |
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A deficiency in what vitamin causes rickets?
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Vitamin D
Rickets is defective bone formation. |
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Characteristics of Vitamin D
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· Get a lot from the sunlight
○ Sun-converts to cholesterol derivative-- precursor to vitamin D--converted into a hormone which regulates the calcium uptake in the intestinal walls in the blood stream · Rickets is caused by a lack of this · If you get enough sunshine, your body could make enough vitamin D to function normally · Need enough for teeth and bone growth · Signals kidneys to release or hold onto calcium · Needs to be activated before it can be used · Hard to use as cancer treatment- vitamin D binds to cancer cells their reproduction slows down · Used in prevention of osteoporosis · The whiter you are, the more vitamin D you can make |
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A deficiency of what vitamin can result in hemorrhaging?
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Vitamin K
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Characteristics of Vitamin K
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· Needed for proteins involved in blood clotting
· Deficiencies show up in hemorrhaging · Liver, egg yolk, leafy green veggies- where to find vitamin K · Long term use of antibiotics- high deficiencies in vitamin K |
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How does food spoil?
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Oxidize and form aldehydes and keytones; foul smelling
o Oxidation reactions lead to something becoming rancid o Farming, processing, harvesting reactions Can stop reactions by adding sequestrate; binds with metal ions in food and stops food from becoming rancid (EDTA, citric acid) Food also spoils due to mold, bacteria, fungi- microorganisms |
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Sequastrant
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A sequestrant is a food additive whose role is to improve the quality and stability of the food products.
-added (along with antioxidants) to combine with metal ions in food and prevent spoiling |
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Examples of antioxidants
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EDTA, citric acid, Vitamin E
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How to prevent spoiling due to microogranisms
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(Microorganisms, mold, bacteria, fungi)
Can them • Pulling the water out so the surrounding solution (osmosis) Freeze dry • Taking out water so it cant react o Preservatives GRAS (Generally Regarded as Safe) • Benzoic acid, citric acid o Can be added because they enhance color, take color out of something, thickening agents, make something more moist, add flavor |
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GRAS
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Generally Regarded as Safe
-refers to preservatives |
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2 kinds of Organic Acids
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Sulfides
○ Sodium bi sulfide- kills bacteria- added to wines to protect from fermenting- problem, if you have someone with a sulfur allergy, cant drink it Nitrates ○ Sodium nitrate- prevents botulism- in hotdogs- turns meat pink- prevents it from carrying oxygen- reacts in our body- blue baby syndrome, when they do not have enough oxygen and have too much sodium ○ Most are oxidized to methemoglobin- can't carry oxygen- convert to a nitro amine- controversial because can be considered carcinogens |
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DDT
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organochlorine- safe for people but affects reproduction of birds- bald eagles on endangered list because of this
§ Bio cumulate § Listed as a POPs- priority organic pollutants- banned but not completely out of our system- we could import these pesticides |
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Organochlorines
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a. Ex. DDT
i. Controlling vegetation ii. Didn’t harm us, but harmed the birds Can bioaccumulate • Bird or fish drink contaminated water; accumulation happens in the bird Biomagnification • Problem of bio accumulation moving up the food chain |
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Organic phosphates
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○ Organic phosphates- function as nerve agents
-Decompose in days instead of weeks in the environment- they break down before they can bio accumulate - Toxic - Can cause brain cancer in kids -If it is swallowed or absorbed through the body, it can cause health effects |
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Oxidative stress
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accumulating of damage by free radicals
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Which vitamin is used in prevention of osteoporosis?
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Vitamin D
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Malathion
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-Organic phosphate
low toxicity -Not toxic to mammals but just to insects -Used for fly sprays and protects agricultural crops -Sprayed from helicopters a lot |
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Diazinon
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Organic phosphate
Low toxicity except to birds Used for insect control in homes and gardens |
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Parathion
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-Organic phosphate
Very toxic - Occurrences of death in agricultural workers - Kills birds, bees, insects, -Used in developing countries |
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Chlorpyrifos
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Organic phosphate
93% of Americans concentration of it in their blood system Used to kill ants, cockroaches, termites |
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Dichlorvos
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-Volatile insecticide
-Used domestically -Flea collars, fly paper -Vapor that kills |
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Methylparathion
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Restricted organic phosphate
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Bio accumulation
(formula) |
Bioaccumulation= bioconcentration (inceasing the concentration of an organic compound compared to where it came from) + biomagnitication (increase in magnification as it travels through the food chain)
Ex: fish swimming in water that has something added to it- bioaccumulation occurs because it accumulates in the fatty cells of the fish- the pesticides are affecting the fish too Ex: DDT · Leads to a large increase of organic compound in an animal · Many americans still have a lot of DDT in them because of Bio accumulation |
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Hexaflumuron
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Natural (green)pesticide
used for termites § Interrupts a process With insects, interrupts a process in them, not in humans 1st substance to be deemed reduced risk |
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Dioxins
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Highly toxic herbicides
Exposed to them all the time in the food we ingest Major sources are incinerators Ingest them naturally; spread through the air, soil Can be found in all humans, bioaccumulate Half life is 8 years in a human being ○ Lipophilic (fat loving) ○ Super toxic ○ EPA's first site- love canal- took a whole area and shut it down because there were toxic affects that cause cancer § Kick off to environmental movement ○ Come off from burning plastic- chlorine turns into dioxides- once they reach the body fat, they can change the function of the cell, cause cancer and birth defects ○ Indestructible in the environment |
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PCBs
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(polychlornated biphenyls)
-Herbicide ○ Major source is paper company also incinerators also from forest fires and volcanoes Persistent in the environment, hard to burn, low vapor pressure Contaminated with furians - ○ Health effects- PCBs not very harmful to humans but they bio accumulate in animals ○ Bioaccumulate in the fats of your body- 90% of exposure is from meat, fish, dairy products |
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Environmental estrogen
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Effect fertility
Cause and contribute to reproductive cancers · Binds to the real estrogen sites but they are faking it out- estrogen from different chemicals that isn't natural and block the hormone |
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Half-life of Dioxins in humans
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Can be found in all humans, bioaccumulate
Half life is 8 years in a human being |
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How do salts stick together?
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Ionic bonding: oppositely charged ions hold them together
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Characteristics of salt
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ionic bonding (opposite bonds)
· Many are crystals · Most solid · Exception- when ionic solid is cation with hydrogen and anion is a hydroxide · Most don’t melt until high temperature- don't like melting because they are happy where they are · Dissolves readily |
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solute
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a solute is dissolved in another substance (ex. salt)
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solvent
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a solute is dissolved into a solvent (ex. water)
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solubility
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the maximum concentration of solute into the solvent
§ Solubility depends on substances charges (+1, -1) these are soluble something with greater like (+2 or -2), these are not as soluble- the lower charges, the more soluble § Size of the ion is also a factor for solubility |
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Forensics: finger-printing
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§ Solvant evaporates off- percipitate- used in forensics- salt from finger tips- if you mix it with silver nitrate, becomes silver chloride- black light is how you get the finger print- can do it with blood, urine and semen
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Sea water
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○ Lots of different salts in it, when the water evaporates is when you get your salt deposits
○ Calcium is the first- more than 90% of water has to evaporate to get the sodium out -fresh water has fewer ions |
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PPM
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parts per million
o PPM expressed as milligram per liter (mean the same thing) -used in measuring a concentration |
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Mole
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6.02x10 to the 23 particles
· Same amount of molecules · Varies because of size of particles- mass will vary |
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PH Scale
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• PH measures hydrogen concentration of a substance
o Molarity expressed as 10^-___ (power of 10, · Almost always negative because H ion molecules are less than 1) o If you take the negative off, that is the pH Scale 0-14 · 14 more of a base- based on OH o 7 neutral: water · Acidic side- H+ > OH- · Base side OH-> H+ |
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If PH is 5 then what is the OH?
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if PH is 5 H then 9 would be the OH- has to equal 14
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Equilibrium
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A chemical reaction is in equilibrium when there is no tendency for the quantities of the reaction and products to change
o Reactions occur in each direction, the equal ring is equilibrium o Weak acids are an example of something reaching equilibrium |
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Stomach acid
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PH between 1 and 2
· Suppresses bacterial growth and helps with digestion · Pepcid AC neutralizes it in your stomach · Heart burn from too much stomach acid |
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Characteristics of a Base
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· Substance that increases concentration of hydroxol ions- OH s
· Basic or alkaline · Taste bitter, slimy feel · Turns litmus paper blue · Corrosive to living matter · Uses- drain cleaners, oven cleaners- breaks down the fats |
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Weak acids
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· Reaction happens at equal rates going in both directions- equalibrium
· Lactic acid (milk) · Citric acid (fruit) |
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Weak base
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· Weak base is only partially ionized- only5%- works in both a forward and backward direction
· Extracts hydrogen ion from the water and leaves an OH ○ Ex: ammonia NH3 (weak base) --> (water) NH3 |
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Net ionic reaction
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· Summarizes reactions of the ions whose nature is changed
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Buffer Solutions
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· Resist the change of adding a acid
· Ex: blood |
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What is the combined pH of a
Weak acid and a strong base? |
ph would be above 7 because more OH
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What is the combined pH of a Strong acid and a weak base?
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ph would be 7
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Oxidation
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lose elections
Ex: mg to Mg+2 |
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Reduction
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gain electrons
Ex: O2 to O-2 |
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Example of Oxidizing agents
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· O, H, chlorine
· Ex: rusting, tarnishing copper that oxidizes |
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Example of Reducing agents
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Ex: metals, fuels
-A reducing agent is any reactant that causes another reactant to be reduced. |
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Anode
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(battery) -
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Cathode
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(battery) +
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Pros and Cons of electrical cars
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o Hybrid, fuel cells continually replenish themselves while still delivering electrical power
o Act as batteries but better · Reduce air pollution- higher cost · Short driving range, can't go very far · Zero pollution emissions · Maintenance issues · Not completely pollution free because of the battery |
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Pros and Cons of Hybrid electric cars
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· Electric motor, powered by a battery
· And a fuel tank · Gas tank switches during idoling · Battery charges using fuel from the heat · Kicks into high gear |
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Fuel Cell cars
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· Electric chemical device
· Combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity · Bi-products- water and heat- some people use heat to heat a building with (other than cars) · When you use a bi-product of your primary source- co generation · Reactants are replenished constantly while delivering electric power · Oxidizing agent is oxygen, can be a pure gas or component of the air · Hydrogen better than fuel?- fuel you get pollutants · Also used in electrical power plants because it cuts down pollution- the waste heat is recovered and used |
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Electrolysis
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· A technique of passing electrical current through a material to drive a chemical reaction
· Used to make purified materials · Ex:Aluminium- doesn’t occur in nature but with other materials or rocks- an ore- ○ Boxite ore- needs to be freed- forcing electrons out of the materials and able to get the aluminum as a element instead of an ore · Used in electro platting- chrome plating- thin film on an object- platted on metal objects- elecctricity forced through solution and object and is forced to adhear to that object |
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The fuel of the future
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Hydrogen
· Hydrogen gas combined with oxgen to produce water and heat · Takes up less space for the amount of energy you get · Combustion produces less polluted gas- have some admissions but not as many · Not an energy source · Considered an energy vector or carrier · Produce it through electrolysis of water- expensive to do ○ Or decompostion of water- sunlight decomoses into hydrogen and - this is un economical ○ Fossil fuels-Hydrogen gas is produced by reacting a fossil fuel with water- still getting a bi-product that you don’t want |
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Problems of storing Hydrogen gas
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· Problem of storing it
○ Liquid or compressed gas § Ex: liquid- in the rockets- keep it very cold § As a gas you have to store § Highly flammable ○ Storage in carbon or metal - can absorb hydrogen into grafite tubes § Can use some metals- absorb into metals and release with heat ○ Fuel cell powered vehicles- tanks but not convenient Out of all of these, the safest way is in the carbon or nano tubes |
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Ore
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Combination of elemental metals with something they exist with all the time.
An ore is a type of rock that contains minerals such as gemstones and metals that can be extracted through mining and refined for use (through Electrolysis) |
