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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Solution |
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances with each substance retaining its own chemical identity. solids, liquids, gas |
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Solute |
Component of a solution that is present in a lesser amount relative to that of the solvent substance being dissolved |
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Solvent |
Component of a solution that is present in the greatest amount ex. liquid water |
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General properties of a solution |
Contains two or more components has variable composition properties change as the ratio of solute to solvent is changed dissolved solutes are present as individual particles solutes remain uniformly distributed and will not settle out with time solute can be separated from solvent by physical means such as evaporation |
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Solubility |
the max number/amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent under a given set of conditions |
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effect of TEMPERATURE on solubility |
most solids become more soluble in water with INCREASING Temperature Gas solubilities in water decrease with increasing temperature |
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effect of PRESSURE on solubility |
Solids and Liquids- no effect Gas- major impact/effect pressure has little to no effect on solubility of solids and liquids in water pressure has major impact on solubility of gases in water |
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Henrys Law |
the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid at a given temperature is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid as the pressure of a gas above the liquid increases, the solubility of the gas increases |
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Saturated Solution |
a solution that contains the MAXIMUM amount of solute that can be dissolved under the conditions at which the solution exists |
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Super Saturated solution |
an UNSTABLE solution that temporarily contains more dissolved solute than that present in a saturated solution will produce crystals rapidly, often in a dynamic manner. if it is slightly disturbed or "seeded" with a tiny crystal of a solute |
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Unsaturated solution |
contains LESS THAN the max amount of solute that can be dissolved under the conditions at which the solution exists most solutions we encounter fall under this |
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Concentrated Solution |
contains a LARGE amount of solute relative to the amount that could dissolve |
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Dilute Solution |
Contains a SMALL amount of solute relative to the amount that could dissolve |
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Aqueous Solution |
water is the solvent |
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Non-Aqueous Solution |
A substance other than water is the solvent |
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What has to happen in order for a Solute to Dissolve in a Solvent? |
Two types of inter particle attractions must be overcome solute-solute attractions solvent-solvent attractions |
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what are the two types o inter particle attractions? |
Solute-solute attractions solvent-solvent attractions attractions between solute particles attractions between solvent particles |
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A new type of interaction forms. what is it? |
Attraction between solute and solvent particles (solute-solvent attractions) dissolving is a dynamic process |
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how does temperature effect the dissolving rate? |
as temperature increases, the dissolving rate increases higher temperature=faster dissolving rate |
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the _____ solute you have, the ____ solvent you have |
more less |
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the ____ the particles, the ____ the attraction |
smaller smaller |
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the greater the surface area, the ____ it dissolves |
faster |
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Solubility Rules |
the greater the difference in the solute-solvent polarity, the less soluble is the solute substances of like polarity tend to be more soluble in each other than substances that differ in polarity |
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Soluble Ionic Compounds (always soluble) |
Sodium (Na+) Potassium (K+) Ammonium (NH4+) Nitrate (NO3-) Acetate (CH3COO-) (Ba(OH)2) |
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Mostly Soluble With Exceptions |
Chloride (Cl-) Sulfate (SO4^2-) Bromide (Br-) Iodide (I-) Exceptions- Lead, Silver, Mercury I Pb2+ Ag+ Hg2^2+ |
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Not Soluble with exceptions |
Carbonate (CO3^2-) Sulfide (S2-) Phosphate (PO4^3-) Hydroxide (OH-)
Exceptions- Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+ |
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Concentration (two methods) |
the amount of solute present in a specified amount of solution 1. Percent concentration 2. Molarity |
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Percent Concentration (3 kinds) |
1. % by mass 2. % by volume 3. mass-volume % |
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percent by mass= |
mass of solute/mass of solution X 100 mass of solution= mass of solute + mass of solvent |
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Percent by Volume= |
volume of solute/volume of solution X 100
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mass- volume %= |
mass of solute (g) / volume of solution (mL) X 100
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Molarity (M) = |
the number of moles of solute in 1 liter of solution moles of solute/liters of solution convert ml to L unless told otherwise |
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Dilution |
the process in which more solvent is added to a solution in order to lower its concentration Dilution with water does not alter the numbers of moles of solute present Moles of solute before dilution=moles of solute after dilution |
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Dilution Formula |
Cs X Vs = Cd X Vd s=stock solution d=diluted solution c= concentration-% of mass/molarity v=amount of solution-volume/mass |
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Moles of solute before dilution _____ moles of solute after dilution |
equal |
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Colloidal Dispersion |
a HOMOGENEOUS mixture that contains dispersed particles that are intermediate in size between those of a true solution and those of an ordinary heterogenous mixture |
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dispersed Phase like the (solute or solvent)? |
solute |
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dispersing medium like the ( solute or solvent)? |
solvent |
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what is the normal particle size of a Colloidal dispersion? |
10^-7 - 10^-5 cm |
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Tyndall Effect |
the light scattering phenomenon that causes the path of a beam of visible light through a colloidal dispersion to be observable when we shine a beam of light through a true solution, we cannot see the track of the light A beam of light passing through a colloidal dispersion can be observed bc the light is catered by the dispersed phase |
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Suspension |
a HETEROGENEOUS mixture that contains dispersed part ices that are heavy enough that they settle our under the influence of gravity when the size of the dispersed particles is greater than 10^-5 cm |
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Colligative property |
a physical property of a solution that depends only on the number (concentration) of solute particles present in a given quantity of solvent and not their chemical reaction |
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what are the 4 kinds of Colligative properties? |
vapor-pressure lowering boiling pt elevation freezing pt depression osmotic pressure |
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Osmolarity (osmol) |
osmolarity=molarity X i i = the number of particles produced from the dissociation of the formula units of solute |
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osmosis |
the passage of a solvent through a semi-permeable membrane separating a dilute solution (or pure solvent) from a more concentrated solution |
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Semi-Permeable membrane |
a membrane that ALLOWS ONLY CERTAIN TYPES of molecules to pass through it, but prohibits the passage of other types of molecules ONLY ALLOWS PASSAGE OF SOLVENT |
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Osmotic Pressure |
pressure required to prevent osmosis from happening |
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Chemical Reaction |
process in which at least one new substance is produced as a result of chemical change |
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Combination |
two or more reactants 1 product x+y ----> xy 2H2 + O2 ---> 2H20 |
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Decomposition |
1 reactant two or more products xy---> x+y |
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Single-Replacement |
an atom or a group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms X+YZ---> Y +XZ |
