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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Carboydrates
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contain a polyhydroxylaldehyde
(PHA) or a polyhdroxyl ketone (PAK) or a polymer made from PHA and or PHK |
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Why are simple carbohydrates sometimes called saccharides?
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Because carbohydrates are sweet an saccharides means sweet
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What is an oligosaccharide?
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2-10 PHA or PHK linked together
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Reactants in photosynthesis
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6CO2 + 6H2O
reacted with sunlight and chlorophyll |
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Products of photosynthesis
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C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Fischer projection
vertical and horz line meanings |
Horizontal bonds come forward on wedges
The vertical bonds go back on dashed lines |
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All naturally occurring sugars have...
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the D-configuration
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What are normal blood glucose levels?
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70-110 mg/dL
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What happens to excess glucose in the body?
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It gets converted into the polysaccharide glycogen
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What function does insulin have with respect to blood glucose?
Be very specific in your answer!!! |
Insulin is a protein produced in the pancreas and it regulates blood glucose levels.
When glucose concentration increases after eating, insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose in tissues and its conversion to glycogen |
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What causes galactosemia?
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a rare inherited disease
these individuals lack an enzyme needed to metabolize galactose Therefore galactose accumulates causing a variety of physical problems inc cataracts, cirrhosi and mental retardation |
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How do they treat infants that are diagnosed to be galactosemic?
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Affected infants must be given soy-based formula to avoid all milk products with lactose
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Which naturally occurring sugar has the sweetest taste?
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fructose
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Be able to identify the anomeric carbon in a cyclic structure for a monosaccharide.
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it is where the OH is
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What is a reducing sugar?
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carbohydrates that are oxidized with Benedict's reagent
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What structural feature do all reducing sugars have in common?
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hemi acetal
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Beta glucose
Alpha glucose |
beta- one OH up and one OH down
alph-both OH's are pointing down |
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Describe the linkage in a disaccharide
Identify the hemiacetal and the acetal and indicate if the disaccharide is a reducing sugar or not. |
count one from OH (on right)
hemiacetal is OH which means it is a reducing sugar acetal has no OH on end and is not a reducing sugar |
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What causes lactose intolerance?
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an individual lacks adequate amounts of lactase-the enzyme needed to digest and absorb lactose
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Polysaccharides: Amylose
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Source: plant
Function: storage form of energy Branching: no Linkage in main chain: alpha, 1,4 Linkage in Branch: n/a Size: up to 1000 glucose units |
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Polysaccharides: Amylopectin
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Source:plants
Function: storage form of energy Branching: yes 24-30 Linkage main chain: alpha 1,4 Linkage Branch: alpha 1,4 Size: up to 100,000 glucose units |
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Polysaccharides: Glycogen
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Source: animal
Function: storage form of energy Branching:yes 8-12 Linkage main chain: alpha- 1,4 Linkage Branch: alpha- 1,6 Size: up to 1,000,000 glucose units |
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Polysaccharides: Cellulose
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Source: plant
Function: structural support Branching: no Linkage main chain: beta-1,4 Linkage Branch: n/a Size: up to 5,000 glucose units |
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What function does heparin have in the human body?
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prevents blood clotting
stored in the mast cells of the liver and other organs |
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Blood types universal donors
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type O
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Blood type universal acceptor
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type AB
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