Chem Blk 1

Front 1

which bond is stronger sigma or pi

Back 1

sigma

Front 2

how many lone pairs does N have?

Back 2

1

Front 3

how many lone pairs does O have?

Back 3

2

Front 4

how many lone pairs does halogens have?

Back 4

3

Front 5

what is primary, secondary and tertiary

Back 5

primary is when the carbon the functional group is attached to 1 other carbon and so on. the carbon that the functional group is attached to is not included

Front 6

is CH3CH2CH^(OH)CH3 a primary, secondary or tertiary?

Back 6

secondary

Front 7

is CH3CH2OH a 1' 2' or 3'?

Back 7

it is a primary

Front 8

is this a primary ?

Back 8

no its a tertiary

Front 9

what are is the name, and angle and notation of this type of bonding angle?

Back 9

it is tetrahedral

SP3

109 degrees

Front 10

what are is the name, and angle and notation of this type of bonding angle?

Back 10

Planar

SP2

120 degrees

Front 11

what are is the name, and angle and notation of this type of bonding angle?

Back 11

linear

SP

180 degrees

Front 12

what is the name and molecular formula for this line skeletal structure?

Back 12

C7H20

4-ehtylheptane

Front 13

what functional group is this?

Back 13

ether

Front 14

what functional group is this?

Back 14

amine

Front 15

what functional group is this?

Back 15

Amide

Front 16

what functional group is this?

Back 16

aldehyde

Front 17

what functional group is this?

Back 17

ester

Front 18

what functional group is this?

Back 18

nitrile

Front 19

what functional group is this?

Back 19

acid anhydride

Front 20

what functional group is this?

Back 20

acyl halide

Front 21

what functional group is this?

Back 21

alkyl halide

Front 22

what functional group is this?

Back 22

carboxylic acid

Front 23

what functional group is this

Back 23

ketone

Front 24

what is a carbonyl group?

Back 24

is a carbon double bonded to O

Front 25

what is a amino group?

Back 25

NH2

Front 26

what is the order of molecular formula for a carbon chain?

Back 26

meth

eth

prop

but

pent

hex

hept

oct

non

dec

Front 27

what is the name for this molecule

CH3CH2CH^(CH3)CH2CH2CH^(CH2CH2CH3)CH2CH3

Back 27

3-methyl,6-ethylnonane

Front 28

in a substituent what is the name of a halogen?

Back 28

replace INE with O

bromine --> BROMO

chlorine ---> CHLORO

Front 29

what is the name of the molecule

CH3C^(CH3)(CH3)CH2CH^(CH2CH3)CH^(CH3)CH3

Back 29

4-ethyl-2,2,5-trimethylhexane

Front 30

name this molecule

CH3CH2CH2C^(CH3)(OH)CH3

Back 30

2-methyl-pentan-2-ol

Front 31

name this molecule

CH3CH^(CL)CHCH2Co2H

Back 31

3-chloro-butanoic

Front 32

name this molecule

CH3C^(=O)OCH3

Back 32

ethanoate

Front 33

where C=C and an alcohol, aldehyde , ketone or carboxylic acid functional groups are present which determines the lowest priority functional group.

Back 33

the functional group containing the Oxygen

Front 34

name this molecule

CH3C^(=O)CH2CH=CHCH3

Back 34

hex-4-en-2-one

Front 35

what arrangement is this?

Back 35

ortho

Front 36

what arrangement is this?

Back 36

para

Front 37

what arrangement is this?

Back 37

meta

Front 38

what is the suffix for a aldehyde?

Back 38

al eg butanal

can't put numbers in the middle of this one

Front 39

what is the suffix for carboxylic acids?

Back 39

oic eg hexanoic

can't put numbers in the middle

Front 40

what is the suffix for ketone?

Back 40

one eg pentone

Front 41

what is the suffix for esters?

Back 41

oate eg butanoate

Front 42

what is the suffix for ethers?

Back 42

ether eg prop ether?

Front 43

what is the suffix for acyl halides?

Back 43

oyl halide eg pentoyl halide

Front 44

what is a constitutional isomer?

Back 44

molecular formula the same, but the atom to atom bonding sequence is different.

Front 45

what is the best way to find constitutional isomers?

Back 45

count the carbon hydrogen etc atoms if they are the same they are most likely constitutional isomers.

except if there is a double or triple bond involved

Front 46

name 2 constitutional isomers of C6H14

Back 46

CH3CH2CH^(CH3)CH2CH3

CH3CH2CH2CH^(CH3)CH3

Front 47

are these 2 constitutional isomers and why?

CH3CH2CH^(CH3)CH2CH3

CH3CH^(CH2CH3)CH2CH3

Back 47

no because they are the same just view and counted from different points if you look closely.

they both have a methyl substituent on the 3rd carbon

Front 48

what is the Double bond equivalent equation?

DBE

Back 48

1/2(2n4+n3-n1+2)

n4= number of carbons

n3= number of nitrogen

n3= number of hydrogens or halogens

Front 49

what does the DBE represent

Back 49

the number of double bonds or rings

Front 50

what is the double bond equivalent of C4H8O

Back 50

1/2(2(4)+0-8+2)=1

Front 51

what is a stereoisomer?

Back 51

the molecular formula and atom to atom bonding sequence are the same, but the arrangement of their atoms in space differs

Front 52

whats a conformational steroisomer?

Back 52

interconvert by rotation about a carbon to carbon single bond, so to interconvert between conformational isomers, no bond breaking is needed

Front 53

what is the name for this type of drawing

Back 53

saw horse projection

Front 54

what projection is this? and is it stable or unstable?

Back 54

it is the staggered and it is the most stable

shaped like a 3d horse

Front 55

what projection is this and is it stable or unstable?

Back 55

it is the eclipsed and is the least stable

Front 56

why is the staggered more stable

Back 56

because when it is staggered there is less steric interference (more space mor stable)

Front 57

what is an anti staggered?

Back 57

when the 2 big groups are directly opposite each other in a staggered state

Front 58

what is a gauche staggered?

Back 58

when the 2 big groups are kinda close to each other (kinda like meta)

Front 59

what is a sin eclipsed

Back 59

when the 2 big groups are the closest to each other

Front 60

whats a newman projection?

Back 60

it is shaped as 2d with the point being the front carbon and the circle being the rear carbon

Front 61

draw the chair shape conformer with the axial and equatorial

Back 61

remember axial is up down up down....

equatorial sides goes inwards towards each other

and the middle eq slants towards the sloped line

Front 62

what happens when a ring flip happens to a chair conformer?

Back 62

all the axial goes into equatorial

all the equatorial goes into axial

Front 63

which is more stable? having the biggest group on the ax or eq position? and why

Back 63

when the biggest molecule group is on the eq position it is more stable as it would have a staggered conformation. meaning less steric interference.

Front 64

which is more favoured the biggest group on ax or eq

Back 64

the biggest group on eq is favoured as it is more stable it is formed 95% of the time.

Front 65

what is a configurational isomer?

Back 65

can only be INTERCONVERTED if a covalent bond is broken and reformed

Front 66

what is a cis trans -ez isomer?

Back 66

they are configurational isomers. or atoms/ groups held in different positions by ring or C=C

Front 67

what is one thing a configurational isomer must have ?

Back 67

a double bond (so it can break and reform)

or a ring

Front 68

are these 2 configurational isomers of each other?

Back 68

no because they are identical they are just flipped vertically (the 2 H on the same CARBON enable them to)

Front 69

are these 2 configurational isomers of each other?

Back 69

no they are just flipped horizontally (2 identical groups on the same CARBON enable this)

Front 70

are these 2 configurational isomers of each other?

Back 70

yes because the carbons have different groups. and you can imagine a line through the double bonds

Front 71

which of these 1 or 2 is a cis and which one is a trans configuration and why?

Back 71

1 is a cis because the top of the double bond side has the same group and he bottom has the same (cis the same)

2 is the trans, because the top and bottom have 2 different groups hence trans

Front 72

when do we use the EZ system for a configurational steroisomer

Back 72

when all the groups bonded to the 3 carbons of the double bond are different. we then use the priority of the groups to determine which one is high or low on each carbon of the double bonds. then we can pair the high or lows

Front 73

what is the order of priority of molecules from least to most?

Back 73

H

Front 74

what do we need to make sure of when signing priority with a large molecule. such as which one has the higher priority CHO or CH2OH

Back 74

we need to make sure to use the atoms directly bonded to the C in the double bonds!

and double bonds is as if theres 2 of that atom directly bonded to it

CHO would have higher priority

because C is bonded to 1 H and double bonded to a O so it would be 1H and 2O

while CH2OH is directly bond to 2 H and 1O

CHO has more O which is higher priority than H so it overall has the higher priority

Front 75

what configuration is this?

Back 75

trans because the hi and lows are not in the same side.

Front 76

what is one thing you must make sure of when trying to identify isomer?

Back 76

THEY MUST ALL HAVE THE SAME CHEMICAL FORMULA TO BE ISOMERS OF EACH OTHER

Front 77

what configurational isomer is this?

Back 77

it is Z configurational stereoisomer

remember zis is the same

Front 78

what are enantiomers?

Back 78

enantiomers can exist when you have a SP3

and have 4 groups that are different.

such a molecule cannot be stacked on its mirror image

they are mirror images of each other

Front 79

the is a stereo genie centre and what is chiral?

Back 79

it just means that there is a carbon which is bonded to 4 different groups

Front 80

where is the stereogenic centre or chiral carbon in

CH3CH^(Cl)CH2CH3

Back 80

CH3CH*^(Cl)CH2CH3 * marks the chiral

that Carbon is bonded to a methyl on the left a Cl on the top a H on the bottom and a ethyl group on the right. so it is chiral as it has 4 different groups attached

Front 81

which is the chiral carbons on this molecule

Back 81

there can be more than 1 stereogenic centre.

Front 82

how do you determine if a stereogenic centre is a R or S.

Back 82

you can determine it if you put the Lowest priority group. usually H into the page and treat it as a steering wheel. if the wheel is turning Right then it is a R, if it is turning left it is S.

Front 83

is this the R or S configuration?

Back 83

in this case the H is coming out of the page so you just assign priority and find the direction and then reverse it.

SO IT IS "S"

Front 84

is this R or S configuration

Back 84

this is S

Front 85

what are diastereomers

Back 85

are streamers that have a non-mirror image relationship.

Front 86

what is the trend in boiling points for alkanes?

Back 86

the more carbons in the chain the higher the boiling point

also the closer the molecules are the stronger the bonds, they can pack in better and have stronger bonds

the more polar bonds a molecule has the higher the boiling points

Front 87

what does the presence of O-H group give rise to?

Back 87

it can give rise to intermolecular hydrogen bonding. forming ionic bonds where one atom is slightly more negative than the other because of its electronegativity, usually O

Front 88

which one is more polar? C-O or C=O

Back 88

C=O because of relative mobility of pi electrons

note in ethers where no O-H bonds is present hydrogen bonding is not possible

Front 89

what is a substitution reaction?

Back 89

one atom or group is replaced by another. DBE remains the same

A MOLECULE IS SUBSTITUTED

EG

CH3CH3+Cl2 --> CH3CH2Cl + Hcl

CH3Br + -CN --> CH3CN + Br-

Front 90

what is an addition reaction?

Back 90

two atoms or groups are added to a molecule containing a double or triple bond. DBE decrease product less unsaturated

A BOND IS BROKEN

eg

CH2=CH2 + HBr ---> CH3CH2Br

CH3C=-CH + H2 ---> CH3CH=CH2

Front 91

what is a elimination reaction?

Back 91

two atoms or group are removed from a molecule. DBE increases products are more saturated

eg

CH3CH3 ----> CH2=CH2CH

Front 92

what type of reaction is this?

CH3Cl+NH4 ---> CH3NH2 + HCl

Back 92

it is a substitution reaction. the cl was substituted out for the NH2

Front 93

during bond breaking a covalent bond can be broken in two possible ways what are they?

Back 93

symmetrically or unsymmetrically

Front 94

what is homiletic bond cleavage?

Back 94

it is also called homolysis

(symmetrical cleavage)

one electron pair in the bond ends up on each other the atoms which were bonded

A------B

so fish hook arrow from bond one to A one to B

Front 95

what is heterolytic bond cleavage or heterolysis (unsymmetrical cleavage

Back 95

both electrons of bonding pair end up on one of the atoms which were bonded

A-------B -full arrow goes to B--> A + B-

or

A---B ---full arrow goes to A--> A-+B

Front 96

what is more stable gauche or anti staggered conformation? and why

Back 96

anti is more stable than gauche because the 2 largest groups are almost directly opposite each other and the more distance between them the more stable they are

Front 97

what is the order of molecules with the lowest to highest boiling points

Back 97

alkane<ester (single bonded O)<Alkyl Halides<Aldehydes/ketones (double bonded O M < Amides (NH2) < alcohol (O-H bonds) < CARBOXYLIC ACID ( OH and =O) < Amine and carboxylic SALTS

Front 98

which type of molecule is more stable primary secondary or tertiary?

Back 98

Tertiary> secondary> primary>Methyl

Front 99

what is a nucleophile?

Back 99

a electron rich molecule. it wants to donate its electrons, and so has a - charge

Front 100

what is an electrophile?

Back 100

it is a electron poor molecule and wants to have more electrons.