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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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nucleons
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protons and neutrons
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nuclide
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atom identified by number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus
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mass defect
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difference between mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of its protons, neutrons and electrons
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nuclear binding energy
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energy released when a nucleus is formed from nucleons
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nuclear shell model
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nucleons existt in different eergy levels or shells in the nucleus
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magic numbers
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numbers of nucleons that represent completed nuclear energy levels 2 8 20 28 50 82 and 126
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nuclear reaction
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reactions that affets the nucleus of an atom
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transmutation
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change in identity of a ncleus as a result of a change in the nuber of protons
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radioacive decay
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spontaneous disintegration ofa nucleus into a slightly lighter nucleus accompanied by emission of particles, electromagnetic radiation, or both
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nuclear radiattion
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particles or elecromagnetic radiation emitted from the nucleus during radioactive decay
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radioactive nuclide
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unstable nucleus that undergoes radioactive decay
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alpha particle
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rwo protons and two neutrons bound together and emitted from the nucleus during some inds of radioactive decay
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beta particle
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elctron emitted from nucleus during some kinds of radioactive decay
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positron
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particle that has the same mass as an electron bu has a positive charge and is emitted from the nucleus during some kinds of radioactive dacay
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electron captrue
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inner orbital electron iscaptured by the nucleus of its own atom
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gama rays
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high energy electromagnetic waves emitted from a nucleus as it changes from an excited state to a ground energy state
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half life
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is the time required for half the atoms of a radioactive nuclide to decay
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decay series
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series of radioactive nuclides produced by a succesive radioactive decay until a stable nuclide is reached
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parent nuclide
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heaviest nuclide of each decay series
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daughter nuclides
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nuclides produced by the decay of parent nuclides
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artificial transmutations
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bombardment of nuclei with charged and uncharged particles
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transuranium elements
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elements with more than 92 protons in their nuclei
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roentgen
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unit used to measure nuclear radiation exposure, it is equal to the amount of gamma and xray radiation that produces 2x10 9
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rem
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unit used to measure the dose of any type of ionizing radiation that factors in the effect that the radiation has on human tissue
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film badges
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exposure of film to measure approx. radiation exposure of ppl working with radiation
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geiger muller counters
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instruments that detect radiaton
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scintillation counters
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instruemts that convert scintillatiing light to an electric signal
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radioactive dating
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process by which the spprox. age of an obj is determined based on the amouunt of radioactive nuclides present
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radioactive tracers
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radioactive atoms that are incorporated into substances so that movement of the subs can be followed by radiation detectors
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nuclear fission
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heavy nucleus splits into more stavel nuclei
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chain reaction
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reaction in which material starts the reaction is also one of the products
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critical mass
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min amount of nuclide that provides the num of neutrons needed to sustain chain reaction
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nuclear reactors
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controlled fission chain reactions to produce energy and radioactive nuclides
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nuclear power plants
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energy as heat from nuclear reactors to produce electrical energy
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shielding
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radiations absorbing material that is used to decrease exposure to radiation
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control rods
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neutrons abosorbing rods that help control reaction by limiting neutrons
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moderator
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slow down fast neutrons produced by fission
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nuclear fission
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low mass nuclei combine to form a heavier more stable nucleus
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