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192 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the formula for Ammonium?
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NH4+
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What is the formula for Cyanide?
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CN-
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What is the formula for Acetate?
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C2H3O2- OR CH3COO-
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What would you call Br4O2?
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Tetrabromine dioxide
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What would you call MgCl2?
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Magnesium chloride
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How do you name ionic compound?
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metal name + nonmetal name + -ide
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What three transitional metals do not have variable charges? What are the charges?
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Zn +2, Cd +2, Ag+
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What do you call HPO2-2?
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biphosphite, or hydrogen phosphite
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What is the formula for chlorite?
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ClO2
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What is the formula for Aluminum (III) sulfate?
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Al2(SO4)3
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For what type of bonds do you use prefixes to specify the number of atoms?
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Covalent bonds
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An electronegativity of .14 would indicate what type of polarity?
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Polar Covalent Bond
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An electronegativity of 1.7 would indicate what type of polarity?
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Polar Covalent Bond
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An electronegativity of .3 would indicate what type of polarity?
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Non-polar covalent bond
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An electronegativity of 1.9 would indicate what type of polarity?
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Ionic bond
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Polar bonds are referred to as being....
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dipole
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How are the positive/negative sides of a polar covalent bond indicated?
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Greek letter delta with - and + sign (δ+ or δ-) on appropriate sides, OR +----> sign pointing to the side with the negative charge
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What is the difference between an Arrhenius acid/base and a bronsted-lowry acid/base?
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Arrhenius: acids produce H+, bases produce OH-
Bronsted-Lowry: acids donate H+, bases accept H+. |
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In what situation do you give an acid the -ic ending? What about -ous?
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When they contain polyatomic "-ate" ions , change the ending to -ic. If the polyatomic ion has an -ite ending, change the suffix to -ous.
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What do you call H2SO4?
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Sulfiric acid
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What do you call : substances that can act as both acids and bases?
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amphoteric
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What do you call HClO4?
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perchloric acid
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What are the 6 strong acids? What are their conjugate-bases?
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Acids: HClO4 - perchloric acid, HNO3, nitric acid, H2SO4 - sulfiric acid, HCl - hydrochloric acid, HBr - hydrobromic acid, HI - Hydroiodic acid
Bases: ClO4- - perchlorate ion, HSO4- - hydrogen sulfate ion, I - iodide ion, Br - bromide ion, Cl - chloride ion, NO3 - nitrate ion |
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What is common name for Ka?
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the Acid Dissociation Constant
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What is the equation of the acid dissociation constant?
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Ka = [H30+][A-]/[HA]
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A smaller Ka number indicates a...
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weaker acid
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Kw always equals what?
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1.0 x 10^-14
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Find the molar concentration of H30 if the concentration of OH- is 1.0 x 10^-2
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1.0 x 10^-12
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Acids produce what in water?
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H30
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A basic solution will produce more what in water?
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OH-
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[OH] = 6.2 x 10^-6. Is this acidic or basic solution?
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basic
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What do you use Ka for?
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It can be used to measure the strength of an acid. Smaller Ka = weaker acid.
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What is the formula for hydronium ion?
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H30+
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What do you call H30+?
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hydronium ion
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How do you calculate pH?
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pH = -log[H3O]
or, the exponent of the H30 concentration if the main number is 1.0 |
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What is the pH of a solution with [OH] = 5.0 x 10^-4?
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10
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List the active metals
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Potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, iron, and tin (Sn)
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How do you balance a neutralization equation?
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Focus on balancing the H and O atoms to come out with just water and no spare ions.
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What is a salt?
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The product, along with water, of a reaction between an acid and a base.
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Define Titration
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The addition of base to an acid sample to determine the concentration of the acid.
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How would you find the molarity of an HCl solution of unknown concentration?
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With titration, in which you would neutralize an acid sample with a known amount of base.
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Describe the process of titration
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Place a measured volume of acid in a flask and add a few drops of an indicator solution. Then, fill a buret with a NaOH solution of known molarity and carefully add it to the flask. When the solution changes color, you have neutralized the solution.
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You have 13.4 mL of HCl and want to know the concentration. You add 12 mL of .225 M NaOH to neutralize it. What is the concentration of the HCl?
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12/1000 x .225 = .0027 moles of NaOH
Since a mole is a mole, that means it neutralized .0027 moles of HCl. .0027/(13.4/1000) = .201 M HCl |
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Define molarity
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The number of moles of solute in 1 L of solution.
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What is the molarity of an HCl solution , if 28.6 mL of a 0.175 M NaOH solution is needed to neutralize a 25.0 mL sample of the HCl solution?
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28.6/1000 x .175 = .005005 moles of NaOH
So, it also neutralized .005005 moles of HCl. So, .005005/(25.0/1000) = .200 M HCl |
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Complete/balance the equation:
ZnCO3 + HBr |
ZnCO3 + 2HBr --> ZnBr2 + CO2 + H20
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Complete/balance the equation:
H2SO4 + Mg(OH)2 |
H2SO4 + Mg(OH)2 --> 2H20 + MgSO4
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When would a salt solution be neutral? When would it be basic? Acidic?
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Neutral: when the salt consists of ions from a strong base and a strong acid.
Basic: when it contains the cation from a strong base, but the anion from a weak acid. Acidic: Contains a cation from a weak base, and an anion from a strong acid. |
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What happens when a salt solution consists of ions from a weak base and a weak acid?
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The ion that reacts to a greater extent with water determines whether the solution is acidic or basic.
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What is in a buffer solution?
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A weak acid and its conjugate base
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How do you determine the pH of a solution, given the Ka and the M of HA and A?
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Solve for H3O, then take the -log of that.
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Name three characteristics of organic compounds
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- Nonpolar, weak attractions between molecules
- low melting/boiling points - not soluble in water |
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What is the structure of methane?
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CH4
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What does the prefix meth- represent?
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1
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What does the prefix eth- mean?
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2
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What is the structure of ethane?
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C2H6
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What are alkanes?
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hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds.
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What is the structure of propane?
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C3H8
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What does prop- mean?
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3
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What does but- mean?
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4
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What is the structure of butane?
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C4H10
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What is C3H8?
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Propane
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What is C2H6?
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Ethane
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What is the carbon prefix for 9?
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Non
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What do you call C9H20?
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Nonane
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What do you call C10H22?
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Decane
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When given a formula, how can you tell if it is a cycloalkane?
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It will have 2 fewer hydrogen atoms.
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What is the carbon prefix for 6?
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Hex
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What are isomers?
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Compounds with different structures but identical formulas
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What is a branch?
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A side group that comes off of a main carbon chain
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How do you name carbon branches?
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replace the "-ane" ending wtih "-yl". E.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl
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What are the halogen atoms?
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Flourine, chlorine, bromine, iodine
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How do you name branched atoms from the halo group?
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replace -ane ending with -o. E.g., iodo, bromo, chloro, flouro
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What is the common and IUPAC name of CH3-Cl?
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chloromethane, methyl chloride
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What is the IUPAC name for CCl3F?
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trichloroflouromethane
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What is the IUPAC name for CCl2F2?
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dichlorodiflouromethane
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Do longer alkane chains have higher or lower melting points? Why?
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Higher, because the greater number of electrons produces more attractions between molecules, which results in a higher melting point.
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Do branched alkanes have higher or lower boiling/melting points?
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Lower. Branched alkanes are more compact, which reduces contact with other molecules
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What is a secondary carbon?
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A carbon attached to two other carbon atoms
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How many carbons are attached to a tertiary carbon?
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3
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What is a substitution/halogenation reaction?
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When atoms of a halogen bond to a carbon atom
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What do you call a substitution reaction with bromine (Br2)? With chlorine (Cl2)?
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Bromination, chlorination
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Which carbons are most reactive?
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Carbons with more carbon bonds are more reactive, and thus their hydrogen atoms are more likely to undergo substitution
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Do cycloalkanes have higher or lower boiling points than regular alkanes?
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Higher
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How many free valence electrons does P have?
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3
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How many free valence electrons does N have?
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3
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How many free valence electrons does S have?
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2
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How many free valence electrons does Se have?
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2
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Define functional groups
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groups of atoms that react in similar, predictable ways
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What are alkenes?
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a functional group with double bond(s) between carbon atoms
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What is the distinguishing feature of alkynes?
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Triple bonds between carbon atoms
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What are aromatic compounds?
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Compounds containing benzene, a molecule that has a ring of six carbon atoms with one H atom attached to each carbon and alternating double and single bonds
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How do you draw benzene?
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A hexagon with a circle in the middle
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What is the defining characteristic of an alcohol?
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an -OH group bonded to a carbon atom
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What is the name of the -OH group?
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hydroxyl
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What is the formula for hydroxyl?
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-OH
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What is the characteristic feature of ether?
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An oxygen atom sandwiched by two carbon atoms E.g., CH3-O-CH3
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Give an example of an ether
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CH3-O-CH3, CH3CH2-O-CH2CH3, etc.
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What function group is CH3-CH2-O-CH2CH3 a part of?
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ether
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What functional group is CH3OH a part of?
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Alcohol
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What is the defining structure of the carbonyl group?
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A double bond between a C and O atom. C=O
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What type of group has a double bond between a C and O atom?
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carbonyl group
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Aldehydes share bonds with what three atoms?
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C, O and H
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What functional groups contain carbonyl groups?
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Aldehydes and ketones
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Ketones and aldehydes contain what group?
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A carbonyl group , C=O
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What functional group is CH2CH2-C-H with an additional double bond to O coming off the lone C?
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aledhyde
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What is the characteristic feature of a Ketone?
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the carbonyl group is bonded with two other C atoms, eg., CH3-CO-CH3
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What functional group is CH3-CO-CH3 a part of? Note that there is a double bond between the C and O
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Ketone
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Carboxyls are a combination of what two functional groups?
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Hydroxyls and carbonyl
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Carboxylic acids contain which functional group?
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carboxyl
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Carboxyls are most commonly found in what?
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carboxylic acids
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Hydroxl groups are most commonly found in what?
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alcohols
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The carbonyl group is commonly found in what?
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Aldehydes and ketones
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CH3COOH is an example of what type of acid?
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carboxylic acid
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CH3COOH contains what functional group?
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Carboxyl
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What is the structure of a carboxyl?
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C double bonded to one oxygen and single bonded to an OH. -COOH.
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What is the difference between an ester and a carboxylic acid?
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The H is replaced with another C atom
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CH3COOCH3 is an example of what?
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An ester
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What is the structure of the functional group of an ester?
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- COO -
C with a single bond to a C and a single bond to an O and a double bond to an O. |
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What is the central atom in an amine?
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N
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What is the central atom of an amide?
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C
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Amines are deriviatives of what? What is the difference?
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Ammonia, NH3. C atoms replace one, two or three of the H atoms.
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What is the difference between an amide and carboxylic acid?
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The hydroxyl group (OH) of the carboxylic acid is replaced by a N group (e.g., NH2)
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What functional group has a Cl, Br, I, or F attached to the C chain?
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haloalkane
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What functional group is CH3-CO-NH2 a part of? Note that there would be a double bond between the C and O going off to the side.
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Amide
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What functional group is CH3-NH2?
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Amine
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What functional group has CH3-NH-CH3?
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Amine
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Thiols have what characteristic?
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a -SH group bonded to carbon
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CH3-CH2-SH is an example of what?
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A thiol
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What functional group is in NH2-CH3-CH2-SH?
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Thiol
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What's the difference between an amine and an amide?
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Amine is just a N bonded to a carbon. Amide is N also bonded to a carbon, but that carbon must share a double bond with O as well.
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What is combustion?
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a chemical reaction in which an alkane reacts with oxygen to produce CO2, H2O, and energy.
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What must be present for a halogenation reaction to occur?
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heat or light
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Sites with double or triple bonds are more or less reactive than single bonds?
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More
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What do you call C2H2?
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Ethyne
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What is C3H6 called?
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Propene
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What is C2H4?
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Ethene, AKA Ethylene
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What is another name of ethyne?
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Acetylene
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What is another name for acetylene?
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ethyne
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What is another name for Ethylene?
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ethene
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Name CH3-C2H4-CH=CH-CH3
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4-methyl-2-pentene
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Name CH3-CH2-C=C-CH2-CH3
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3-hexene
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Explain the difference between a cis and trans isomer
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Cis: groups are on the same side of a double bond.
Trans: groups are on the opposite side of a double bond. |
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True or False: cis and trans isomers share physical and chemical properties
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False
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What is a cis isomer?
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An isomer with groups on the same side of the double bond
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What do you call an isomer with groups on opposite sides of a double bond?
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Trans isomer
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What happens in addition reactions?
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atoms are added into double and triple bonds
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Define hydrogenation
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when atoms of hydrogen add to the carbons in double or triple bonds to form alkanes
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What is the name of the process of H atoms adding to double or triple bonds?
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hydrogenation
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For hydrogenation to take place with triple bonds, how many molecules of hydrogen (H2) are needed?
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2
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Define halogenation
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halogen atoms such as Cl or Br are added to double or triple bonds.
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Does hydrogenation or halogenation require a catalyst?
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Yes, hydrogenation does. Halogenation does not
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Does halogenation require a catalyst?
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No
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The addition of bromine (Br2) to an alkene results in what?
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an alkane, with Br added to each of the C that were part of the double bond.
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What is the name of the product formed when Cl2 is added to 1-butene?
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1,2-dichlorobutane
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Define hydrohalogenation
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hydrogen halide (HCl, HBr, or HI) adds to an alkene to yield a haloalkane. The H bonds to one carbon and the halogen atom to the other.
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What is the difference between hydrohalogenation, halogenation, and hydrogenation?
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Hydrogenation is adding H2 to C=C. Halogenation is adding X2 to C=C. Hydrohalogenation is adding H-X to C=C.
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What are the hydrogen halides?
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HCl, HBr, or HI
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CH2=CH2 + HCl ---> CH3-CClH2 is an example of what?
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hydrohalogenation
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What is Markovnikov's rule?
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when H-X adds to a double bond, the proton (H+) bonds to the carbon atom already bonded to the most Hs.
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In CH3-C2H3=CH-CH3 + HCl --->, what would the product look like?
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CH3-C2ClH3-CH2-CH3. H adds to the C of the double bond that already has the most H, and Cl goes to the other one.
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When do alkenes react with water?
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When the reaction is catalyzed by a strong acid
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Define hydration
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From HOH (water), H attaches to one of the carbons in a double bond, and OH attaches to the other.
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What do you call the reaction of HOH with an alkene?
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Hydration
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Hydration creates what type of compound?
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alcohol
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Define polymer
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large molecules consisting of small repeating units called monomers
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What do you call a chain of small repeating units?
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polymer
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What reaction creates polymers?
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addition reactions
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What hydrocarbon has the formula C6H6?
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Benzene
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What is the formula of benzene?
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C6H6
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What is benzene?
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a ring of six C atoms with one H atom attached to each C.
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What do you call a benzene ring with CH2-CH3 branching off at one spot?
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ethylbenzene
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What is another name for toluene?
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methylbenzene
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What do you call a benzene ring when it is a substituent?
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a phenyl group
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What is a phenyl group?
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a substituent benzene ring
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What do you call a benzen ring with NH2 attached?
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Aniline AKA benzenamine
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What do you call benzen with OH attached?
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phenol AKA hydroxybenzene
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What does the o in o-dichlorobenzene stand for, and what does it mean?
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o stands for ortho, indicating a 1,2 arrangement of substituents on benzene
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What does the m in m-dichlorobenzene stand for and what does it mean?
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m = meta, it is a 1,3 arrangement on the benzene of substituents
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What does the p in p-dichlorobenzene stand for and what does it mean?
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p stands for para, and it is used for 1,4 arrangements of substituents on benzene.
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What are the three prefixes used with benzene to indicate substituent arrangement? What does each mean?
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o (ortho) = 1,2
m (meta) = 1,3 p (para) = 1,4 |
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When do you use the ortho, meta, para prefixes with benzene rings?
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when there are two substituent groups on the ring
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How do you show the arrangement of substituents on benzene when there are three or more?
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use numbers like normal if its 3 identical substituents. If one of the subs matches a prenamed benzene grouping (e.g., toluene -> benzene with CH3 attached at one point) make sure to use it, with the substituent it's named after counting as 1 on the ring
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What do you call a benzen ring with CH3 at 1, Cl at 3, and Br at 4?
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4-bromo-3-chlorotoluene
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What is the difference between cyclohexane and benzene?
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Benzene has alternating double bonds and only one H at each C, making it very stable.
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What type of benzene has the highest melting/boiling points?
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para-benzenes are more symmetric giving higher melting points than the ortho and meta
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What is xylene?
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A benzene ring with two methyl substituents
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What do you call a benzene ring with two methyl substituents?
|
xylene
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What is a substitution reaction?
|
an atom or group of atoms replaces an H atom on a benzene ring. This maintains the stability of the ring. Substitution reactions of benzene include halogenation, nitration, and sulfonation
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What are the three types of substitution reactions of benzene rings?
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halogenation, nitration, and sulfonation
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What do you call benzene with NO2 attached?
|
nitrobenzene
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