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192 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is the formula for Ammonium?
NH4+
What is the formula for Cyanide?
CN-
What is the formula for Acetate?
C2H3O2- OR CH3COO-
What would you call Br4O2?
Tetrabromine dioxide
What would you call MgCl2?
Magnesium chloride
How do you name ionic compound?
metal name + nonmetal name + -ide
What three transitional metals do not have variable charges? What are the charges?
Zn +2, Cd +2, Ag+
What do you call HPO2-2?
biphosphite, or hydrogen phosphite
What is the formula for chlorite?
ClO2
What is the formula for Aluminum (III) sulfate?
Al2(SO4)3
For what type of bonds do you use prefixes to specify the number of atoms?
Covalent bonds
An electronegativity of .14 would indicate what type of polarity?
Polar Covalent Bond
An electronegativity of 1.7 would indicate what type of polarity?
Polar Covalent Bond
An electronegativity of .3 would indicate what type of polarity?
Non-polar covalent bond
An electronegativity of 1.9 would indicate what type of polarity?
Ionic bond
Polar bonds are referred to as being....
dipole
How are the positive/negative sides of a polar covalent bond indicated?
Greek letter delta with - and + sign (δ+ or δ-) on appropriate sides, OR +----> sign pointing to the side with the negative charge
What is the difference between an Arrhenius acid/base and a bronsted-lowry acid/base?
Arrhenius: acids produce H+, bases produce OH-
Bronsted-Lowry: acids donate H+, bases accept H+.
In what situation do you give an acid the -ic ending? What about -ous?
When they contain polyatomic "-ate" ions , change the ending to -ic. If the polyatomic ion has an -ite ending, change the suffix to -ous.
What do you call H2SO4?
Sulfiric acid
What do you call : substances that can act as both acids and bases?
amphoteric
What do you call HClO4?
perchloric acid
What are the 6 strong acids? What are their conjugate-bases?
Acids: HClO4 - perchloric acid, HNO3, nitric acid, H2SO4 - sulfiric acid, HCl - hydrochloric acid, HBr - hydrobromic acid, HI - Hydroiodic acid

Bases: ClO4- - perchlorate ion, HSO4- - hydrogen sulfate ion, I - iodide ion, Br - bromide ion, Cl - chloride ion, NO3 - nitrate ion
What is common name for Ka?
the Acid Dissociation Constant
What is the equation of the acid dissociation constant?
Ka = [H30+][A-]/[HA]
A smaller Ka number indicates a...
weaker acid
Kw always equals what?
1.0 x 10^-14
Find the molar concentration of H30 if the concentration of OH- is 1.0 x 10^-2
1.0 x 10^-12
Acids produce what in water?
H30
A basic solution will produce more what in water?
OH-
[OH] = 6.2 x 10^-6. Is this acidic or basic solution?
basic
What do you use Ka for?
It can be used to measure the strength of an acid. Smaller Ka = weaker acid.
What is the formula for hydronium ion?
H30+
What do you call H30+?
hydronium ion
How do you calculate pH?
pH = -log[H3O]

or, the exponent of the H30 concentration if the main number is 1.0
What is the pH of a solution with [OH] = 5.0 x 10^-4?
10
List the active metals
Potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, iron, and tin (Sn)
How do you balance a neutralization equation?
Focus on balancing the H and O atoms to come out with just water and no spare ions.
What is a salt?
The product, along with water, of a reaction between an acid and a base.
Define Titration
The addition of base to an acid sample to determine the concentration of the acid.
How would you find the molarity of an HCl solution of unknown concentration?
With titration, in which you would neutralize an acid sample with a known amount of base.
Describe the process of titration
Place a measured volume of acid in a flask and add a few drops of an indicator solution. Then, fill a buret with a NaOH solution of known molarity and carefully add it to the flask. When the solution changes color, you have neutralized the solution.
You have 13.4 mL of HCl and want to know the concentration. You add 12 mL of .225 M NaOH to neutralize it. What is the concentration of the HCl?
12/1000 x .225 = .0027 moles of NaOH

Since a mole is a mole, that means it neutralized .0027 moles of HCl.

.0027/(13.4/1000) = .201 M HCl
Define molarity
The number of moles of solute in 1 L of solution.
What is the molarity of an HCl solution , if 28.6 mL of a 0.175 M NaOH solution is needed to neutralize a 25.0 mL sample of the HCl solution?
28.6/1000 x .175 = .005005 moles of NaOH

So, it also neutralized .005005 moles of HCl.

So, .005005/(25.0/1000) = .200 M HCl
Complete/balance the equation:

ZnCO3 + HBr
ZnCO3 + 2HBr --> ZnBr2 + CO2 + H20
Complete/balance the equation:

H2SO4 + Mg(OH)2
H2SO4 + Mg(OH)2 --> 2H20 + MgSO4
When would a salt solution be neutral? When would it be basic? Acidic?
Neutral: when the salt consists of ions from a strong base and a strong acid.

Basic: when it contains the cation from a strong base, but the anion from a weak acid.

Acidic: Contains a cation from a weak base, and an anion from a strong acid.
What happens when a salt solution consists of ions from a weak base and a weak acid?
The ion that reacts to a greater extent with water determines whether the solution is acidic or basic.
What is in a buffer solution?
A weak acid and its conjugate base
How do you determine the pH of a solution, given the Ka and the M of HA and A?
Solve for H3O, then take the -log of that.
Name three characteristics of organic compounds
- Nonpolar, weak attractions between molecules
- low melting/boiling points
- not soluble in water
What is the structure of methane?
CH4
What does the prefix meth- represent?
1
What does the prefix eth- mean?
2
What is the structure of ethane?
C2H6
What are alkanes?
hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds.
What is the structure of propane?
C3H8
What does prop- mean?
3
What does but- mean?
4
What is the structure of butane?
C4H10
What is C3H8?
Propane
What is C2H6?
Ethane
What is the carbon prefix for 9?
Non
What do you call C9H20?
Nonane
What do you call C10H22?
Decane
When given a formula, how can you tell if it is a cycloalkane?
It will have 2 fewer hydrogen atoms.
What is the carbon prefix for 6?
Hex
What are isomers?
Compounds with different structures but identical formulas
What is a branch?
A side group that comes off of a main carbon chain
How do you name carbon branches?
replace the "-ane" ending wtih "-yl". E.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl
What are the halogen atoms?
Flourine, chlorine, bromine, iodine
How do you name branched atoms from the halo group?
replace -ane ending with -o. E.g., iodo, bromo, chloro, flouro
What is the common and IUPAC name of CH3-Cl?
chloromethane, methyl chloride
What is the IUPAC name for CCl3F?
trichloroflouromethane
What is the IUPAC name for CCl2F2?
dichlorodiflouromethane
Do longer alkane chains have higher or lower melting points? Why?
Higher, because the greater number of electrons produces more attractions between molecules, which results in a higher melting point.
Do branched alkanes have higher or lower boiling/melting points?
Lower. Branched alkanes are more compact, which reduces contact with other molecules
What is a secondary carbon?
A carbon attached to two other carbon atoms
How many carbons are attached to a tertiary carbon?
3
What is a substitution/halogenation reaction?
When atoms of a halogen bond to a carbon atom
What do you call a substitution reaction with bromine (Br2)? With chlorine (Cl2)?
Bromination, chlorination
Which carbons are most reactive?
Carbons with more carbon bonds are more reactive, and thus their hydrogen atoms are more likely to undergo substitution
Do cycloalkanes have higher or lower boiling points than regular alkanes?
Higher
How many free valence electrons does P have?
3
How many free valence electrons does N have?
3
How many free valence electrons does S have?
2
How many free valence electrons does Se have?
2
Define functional groups
groups of atoms that react in similar, predictable ways
What are alkenes?
a functional group with double bond(s) between carbon atoms
What is the distinguishing feature of alkynes?
Triple bonds between carbon atoms
What are aromatic compounds?
Compounds containing benzene, a molecule that has a ring of six carbon atoms with one H atom attached to each carbon and alternating double and single bonds
How do you draw benzene?
A hexagon with a circle in the middle
What is the defining characteristic of an alcohol?
an -OH group bonded to a carbon atom
What is the name of the -OH group?
hydroxyl
What is the formula for hydroxyl?
-OH
What is the characteristic feature of ether?
An oxygen atom sandwiched by two carbon atoms E.g., CH3-O-CH3
Give an example of an ether
CH3-O-CH3, CH3CH2-O-CH2CH3, etc.
What function group is CH3-CH2-O-CH2CH3 a part of?
ether
What functional group is CH3OH a part of?
Alcohol
What is the defining structure of the carbonyl group?
A double bond between a C and O atom. C=O
What type of group has a double bond between a C and O atom?
carbonyl group
Aldehydes share bonds with what three atoms?
C, O and H
What functional groups contain carbonyl groups?
Aldehydes and ketones
Ketones and aldehydes contain what group?
A carbonyl group , C=O
What functional group is CH2CH2-C-H with an additional double bond to O coming off the lone C?
aledhyde
What is the characteristic feature of a Ketone?
the carbonyl group is bonded with two other C atoms, eg., CH3-CO-CH3
What functional group is CH3-CO-CH3 a part of? Note that there is a double bond between the C and O
Ketone
Carboxyls are a combination of what two functional groups?
Hydroxyls and carbonyl
Carboxylic acids contain which functional group?
carboxyl
Carboxyls are most commonly found in what?
carboxylic acids
Hydroxl groups are most commonly found in what?
alcohols
The carbonyl group is commonly found in what?
Aldehydes and ketones
CH3COOH is an example of what type of acid?
carboxylic acid
CH3COOH contains what functional group?
Carboxyl
What is the structure of a carboxyl?
C double bonded to one oxygen and single bonded to an OH. -COOH.
What is the difference between an ester and a carboxylic acid?
The H is replaced with another C atom
CH3COOCH3 is an example of what?
An ester
What is the structure of the functional group of an ester?
- COO -

C with a single bond to a C and a single bond to an O and a double bond to an O.
What is the central atom in an amine?
N
What is the central atom of an amide?
C
Amines are deriviatives of what? What is the difference?
Ammonia, NH3. C atoms replace one, two or three of the H atoms.
What is the difference between an amide and carboxylic acid?
The hydroxyl group (OH) of the carboxylic acid is replaced by a N group (e.g., NH2)
What functional group has a Cl, Br, I, or F attached to the C chain?
haloalkane
What functional group is CH3-CO-NH2 a part of? Note that there would be a double bond between the C and O going off to the side.
Amide
What functional group is CH3-NH2?
Amine
What functional group has CH3-NH-CH3?
Amine
Thiols have what characteristic?
a -SH group bonded to carbon
CH3-CH2-SH is an example of what?
A thiol
What functional group is in NH2-CH3-CH2-SH?
Thiol
What's the difference between an amine and an amide?
Amine is just a N bonded to a carbon. Amide is N also bonded to a carbon, but that carbon must share a double bond with O as well.
What is combustion?
a chemical reaction in which an alkane reacts with oxygen to produce CO2, H2O, and energy.
What must be present for a halogenation reaction to occur?
heat or light
Sites with double or triple bonds are more or less reactive than single bonds?
More
What do you call C2H2?
Ethyne
What is C3H6 called?
Propene
What is C2H4?
Ethene, AKA Ethylene
What is another name of ethyne?
Acetylene
What is another name for acetylene?
ethyne
What is another name for Ethylene?
ethene
Name CH3-C2H4-CH=CH-CH3
4-methyl-2-pentene
Name CH3-CH2-C=C-CH2-CH3
3-hexene
Explain the difference between a cis and trans isomer
Cis: groups are on the same side of a double bond.

Trans: groups are on the opposite side of a double bond.
True or False: cis and trans isomers share physical and chemical properties
False
What is a cis isomer?
An isomer with groups on the same side of the double bond
What do you call an isomer with groups on opposite sides of a double bond?
Trans isomer
What happens in addition reactions?
atoms are added into double and triple bonds
Define hydrogenation
when atoms of hydrogen add to the carbons in double or triple bonds to form alkanes
What is the name of the process of H atoms adding to double or triple bonds?
hydrogenation
For hydrogenation to take place with triple bonds, how many molecules of hydrogen (H2) are needed?
2
Define halogenation
halogen atoms such as Cl or Br are added to double or triple bonds.
Does hydrogenation or halogenation require a catalyst?
Yes, hydrogenation does. Halogenation does not
Does halogenation require a catalyst?
No
The addition of bromine (Br2) to an alkene results in what?
an alkane, with Br added to each of the C that were part of the double bond.
What is the name of the product formed when Cl2 is added to 1-butene?
1,2-dichlorobutane
Define hydrohalogenation
hydrogen halide (HCl, HBr, or HI) adds to an alkene to yield a haloalkane. The H bonds to one carbon and the halogen atom to the other.
What is the difference between hydrohalogenation, halogenation, and hydrogenation?
Hydrogenation is adding H2 to C=C. Halogenation is adding X2 to C=C. Hydrohalogenation is adding H-X to C=C.
What are the hydrogen halides?
HCl, HBr, or HI
CH2=CH2 + HCl ---> CH3-CClH2 is an example of what?
hydrohalogenation
What is Markovnikov's rule?
when H-X adds to a double bond, the proton (H+) bonds to the carbon atom already bonded to the most Hs.
In CH3-C2H3=CH-CH3 + HCl --->, what would the product look like?
CH3-C2ClH3-CH2-CH3. H adds to the C of the double bond that already has the most H, and Cl goes to the other one.
When do alkenes react with water?
When the reaction is catalyzed by a strong acid
Define hydration
From HOH (water), H attaches to one of the carbons in a double bond, and OH attaches to the other.
What do you call the reaction of HOH with an alkene?
Hydration
Hydration creates what type of compound?
alcohol
Define polymer
large molecules consisting of small repeating units called monomers
What do you call a chain of small repeating units?
polymer
What reaction creates polymers?
addition reactions
What hydrocarbon has the formula C6H6?
Benzene
What is the formula of benzene?
C6H6
What is benzene?
a ring of six C atoms with one H atom attached to each C.
What do you call a benzene ring with CH2-CH3 branching off at one spot?
ethylbenzene
What is another name for toluene?
methylbenzene
What do you call a benzene ring when it is a substituent?
a phenyl group
What is a phenyl group?
a substituent benzene ring
What do you call a benzen ring with NH2 attached?
Aniline AKA benzenamine
What do you call benzen with OH attached?
phenol AKA hydroxybenzene
What does the o in o-dichlorobenzene stand for, and what does it mean?
o stands for ortho, indicating a 1,2 arrangement of substituents on benzene
What does the m in m-dichlorobenzene stand for and what does it mean?
m = meta, it is a 1,3 arrangement on the benzene of substituents
What does the p in p-dichlorobenzene stand for and what does it mean?
p stands for para, and it is used for 1,4 arrangements of substituents on benzene.
What are the three prefixes used with benzene to indicate substituent arrangement? What does each mean?
o (ortho) = 1,2
m (meta) = 1,3
p (para) = 1,4
When do you use the ortho, meta, para prefixes with benzene rings?
when there are two substituent groups on the ring
How do you show the arrangement of substituents on benzene when there are three or more?
use numbers like normal if its 3 identical substituents. If one of the subs matches a prenamed benzene grouping (e.g., toluene -> benzene with CH3 attached at one point) make sure to use it, with the substituent it's named after counting as 1 on the ring
What do you call a benzen ring with CH3 at 1, Cl at 3, and Br at 4?
4-bromo-3-chlorotoluene
What is the difference between cyclohexane and benzene?
Benzene has alternating double bonds and only one H at each C, making it very stable.
What type of benzene has the highest melting/boiling points?
para-benzenes are more symmetric giving higher melting points than the ortho and meta
What is xylene?
A benzene ring with two methyl substituents
What do you call a benzene ring with two methyl substituents?
xylene
What is a substitution reaction?
an atom or group of atoms replaces an H atom on a benzene ring. This maintains the stability of the ring. Substitution reactions of benzene include halogenation, nitration, and sulfonation
What are the three types of substitution reactions of benzene rings?
halogenation, nitration, and sulfonation
What do you call benzene with NO2 attached?
nitrobenzene