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213 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Definition: A cleaning molecule made by reacting fat with lye.
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Soap
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Fat + NaOH -> soap + ?
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Glycerol
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The hydrocarbon "tail" of a soap molecule is usually polar or nonpolar?
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Nonpolar
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If R < C12, what kind of soap?
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Gas soap
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The hydrocarbon "head" of a soap molecule is usually polar or nonpolar?
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Polar
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If R is C12 or C13, what kind of soap?
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Liquid
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If R is C16 or C17, what kind of soap?
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Solids
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If R is > C17, what kind of soap?
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Not soluble in water
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Some individuals are unable to metabolize phenylalanine. This condition is known as?
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PKU or phenylketonuria
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Definition: Used to resist a change of pH in food.
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Buffers
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In reference to a Bag of Fertilizer, what element does each number represent: 1-2-3?
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1-Nitrogen, 2-Phosphorus, 3-Potassium
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In reference to a Bag of Fertilizer, any combination of numbers can be used, as long as?
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As long as the sum of the numbers is less than 100
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A lack of Vitamin C causes what disease?
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Scurvy
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What did sailors eat to prevent scurvy?
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Limes
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Definition: Artificial product produced by man.
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Additive
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Animal fats and vegetable oil are converted to soaps by reaction with?
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Sodium Hydroxide
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The polar "head" hydrogen bonds to 1-? while the nonpolar "tail" dissolves in 2-?
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1-Water, 2-Dirt/Grease/Grime
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Definition: Indirect dissolving of 2 incompatible substances.
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Emulsion
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In cleaning, soap acts as an ? between "dirt" and water.
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Emulsifier
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In hard water, soaps are converted to?
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Insoluble salts
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Soap will combine with acid to make what?
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Fatty acid or grease
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3 typical ions responsible for hard water
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Ca +2, Mg +2, Fe +3
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Bathtub ring is caused by precipitation of soap by ? ? ions.
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Hard metal
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What are the trace amounts of INORGANIC substances needed by the body?
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Minerals
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3 energy sources for plants
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Carbon dioxide, water, sunlight
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Define: broad spectrum
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Covers many different varieties.
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What 4 vitamins are fat soluble? What 2 are water soluble?
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1-A,D,E,K ; 2-B,C
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Each ? species lacks at least one essential amino acid.
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Plant
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What does low Iodine cause?
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Goiter (thyroid gland)
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What does low Iron cause?
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Anemia (oxygen in blood)
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3 functions that Vitamin E has served
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1-Underarm deoderant, 2-Healing for burn victims, 3-Increase sexual potency and virility (sperm count)
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? contains ALL the essential amino acids to support life as does ?, ?, and ?
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Meat, Milk Eggs & Cheese
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What is naturally found in Swiss cheese but functions as a preservative when added to bread?
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Calcium proprionate
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? for the ? flower is nontoxic to birds and animals and rapidly breaks down in the environment.
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Pyrethrins, Pyrethrum
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Insects destroy what percentage of everything grown or stored?
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1/3
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What did Rachel Carson's book, "Silent Spring" suggest?
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DDT was having a disastrous effect on our environment.
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This compound prevents botulism.
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Sodium nitrite
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How is "Agent Orange" made? How was it used?
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1-Made by mixing 24D & 245T together. 2-Used in Vietnam to defoliate the jungle from hidden enemies.
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What pesticide residue is found in apples? In salmon?
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1-Alar, 2-DDT
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What are 3 purposes of fat?
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Storage, energy, insulation
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Most famous carbamate? What's it responsible for? What gas was leaked?
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1-Sevin, 2-World's worst chemical accident in Bhopal India, 3-Methyl isocyanate gas
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5 Mandatory & Voluntary components of nutrition info & the order in which they must appear...
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1-Total calories, 2-Calories from fat, 3-Calories from saturated fat, 4-Total fat, 5-Saturated fat
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What is the purpose of a sequestrant?
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Used to tie up metal ions in food.
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Definition: Nonselective herbicide that takes 5-10 days for its effect to be observed. No residual residue left behind.
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Round Up
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What is a positive characteristic of DDT? Negative?
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Pos-When used on crops, it had a long lasting effect ; Neg-Many insects were able to detoxify and became harder to kill
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Order of Energy Sources the body uses
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1-Carbs, 2-Fats, 3-Proteins
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? occurs naturally and is mined commercially in South America.
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NaNO3 or salt peter
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Ammonium nitrate is also used as a(n) ?
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Explosive
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Definition: Brief scalding before freezing to prevent nutrient breakdown
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Blanching
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What pest was sterilization used on?
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Screw worm fly, cattle pest
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What disease is caused by a lack of Vitamin A?
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Night blindness
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What is an ingredient?
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Natural product produced by plants or animals.
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Definition: For broad leaf weeds, the common substance used on lawns & agricultural crops.
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24D
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What sweetener was extensively used until it was banned in 1969?
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Calcium cyclamate
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Most famous & notorious of the chlorinated HC's pesticides
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DDT
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When did home canning become important?
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In 1858 when John Mason invented the mason jar
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Rotenone is derived from what tropical plant?
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Derris
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Definition: Chemicals used to keep oils in suspension in a water solution
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Emulsifiers
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Definition: Added to food to prevent fats and oils from reacting with oxygen which results in a rancid odor
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Anti-oxidant additives
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NH3 that can be compressed and stored in liquid form is called what?
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Anhydrous ammonia
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What is a poison antidote also used in soda pop?
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EDTA
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DDT is an excellent insecticide to destroy mosquitoes that cause ? or body lice that cause ?
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1-Malaria, 2-Typhus
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What sweetener was found to cause bladder cancer in 1977 but has remained on the market?
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Saccharin
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What are the 3 macronutrients besides C, H, O?
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Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium
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What are phermones?
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Insect sex attractants
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Cultures with a high fiber diet seem to have fewer cases of what disease?
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Colon cancer
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Along with carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in our diet, we need trace amounts of what ORGANIC substances?
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Vitamins
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What does the body use for growth/repair of cells and as a last resort, a source of energy?
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Proteins
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3 characteristics of "potash" (Hint: Originally named, obtained by, found in?)
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1-Originally designated potassium carbonate, 2-Obtained by leaching wood ashes, 3-Found in fertilizer formulas
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Definition: Herbicide used to kill grass-like weeds that's used on corn and takes 1-2 years to disintegrate
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Atrazine
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What 2 spoilage inhibitors, when fed to rats, gave them a longer life?
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BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) & BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole)
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What is 245T?
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A relative of 24D and is more effective on woody types of plants
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Define: fresh (in reference to food)
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Raw or unprocessed food
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Definition: Natural organic compounds that come from plant sources and can be considered to be "natural" insecticides.
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Pesticides
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Some of the most potent carcinogens (cancer causing chemicals)
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Aflatoxins
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Definition: DDT is fat soluble, therefore it could be concentrated in the food chain by higher forms of life
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Biomagnification
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Nitrates (NO3 -1) are another form of ? ?
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Plant fertilizers
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Definition: Nitrogen fixing bacteria attached to the roots of some plants. Enables gaseous N2 to be converted into a water soluble form.
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Legumes
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Name this spoilage inhibitor: A disinfectant, preservative, bleach used in dried fruits, wine, and corn syrup.
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Sulfur dioxide
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Definition: Additives used to keep a substance dry
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Dessicants
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These insecticides seem to be MORE toxic but LESS persistent in the environment.
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Organic Phosphate Insecticides
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What disease is caused by a lack of Vitamin B?
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Beri-Beri (inflammation of nerves)
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1-Naturally occuring INORGANIC chemicals ; 2-Compounds of arsenic, lead, mercury, zinc, copper ; 3-Typically toxic to ALL forms of life
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3 Characteristics of pre-1939 Chemical Control
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This drug was used extensively in the Civil War for pain but is highly addictive.
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Morphine
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Definition: Dependence of the body tissues on the continued presence of a drug; revealed by disturbing or life threatening withdrawal symptoms.
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Physical dependence
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Definition: These drugs are called minor tranquilizers; they possess the properties of barbiturates without impairing mental alertness.
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Anti-Anxiety drugs
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Name 2 notable benzodiazepine prescription drugs
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Diazepam & Valium
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3 Components of Addiction
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1-Psychological influence, 2-Physical dependence, 3-Tolerance
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Can Chemistry develop a drug similar to morphine without its addictive properties?
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Meperidine (Demerol)
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Definition: Body or tissue resistance such that larger doses are required to obtain the same effect.
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Tolerance
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An antipyretic is a ? ?
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Fever reducer
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Definition: A class of drugs that functions as "pain killers".
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Analgesics
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Small daily doses of aspirin lowers the risk of ?
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Stroke
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Prolonged use of aspirin may lead to ? ?
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Gastrointestinal problems
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What are the substances called that are added to surfectants to increase their detergency?
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Builders
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Definition: Synthetic detergents which function like soap.
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Surfactants
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Definition: These types of cleaning molecules are neutral, low foaming and used in products that require little rinsing.
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Nonionic
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Definition: These types of cleaning molecules have a positive charge and often have antimicrobial properties.
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Cationic
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Definition: These types of cleaning molecules have a negative charge and are good removers of dirt, dust, etc.
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Anionic
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Soap forms "scum" in what kind of water?
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Hard
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Persons who are sensitive to the acidity of aspirin or who are allergic to aspirin will probably have similar problems with?
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Ibuprofen
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What is a side effect of antihistamines?
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Drowsiness
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What were the 1st antibacterial drugs?
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Sulfa drugs
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Definition: Class of additives that "hold" water in food, prevents it from drying out.
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Humectants
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What does MSG stand for? It occurs naturally in?
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1-Monosodium Glutamate, 2-Proteins
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3 Natural Sources of Phosphates
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1-Bones, 2-Fish, 3-Guano (bird droppings)
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Which compound was originally proposed as a "cure" for morphine addiction?
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Heroin
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Female birth control drugs attempt to mimic the structure and properties of?
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Progesterone
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Definition: Additive used in chewing gum; also has sweet taste.
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Sorbitol
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Hormones are produced by which system in the body?
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Endocrine
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How many amino acids in proteins can the body make? How many does it need?
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12, 20
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What 2 colors have been banned after many years of use?
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Violet #1, Red #2
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What is the formal name for the yellow color in carrots?
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Beta-carotene
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What is Paraquat?
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Preemergent herbicide used to kill marijuana.
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What is the scientific name for Vitamin B1? Vitamin B2?
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B1-Thiamine, B2-Riboflavin
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What are 3 meat preservation techniques?
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Smoking, Salting, Drying
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Proteins produce ? kcal/gram.
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4
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What is a negative characteristic of ABS?
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It was not broken down in the environment and caused pollution.
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How are floating soaps made?
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They're blown with air during processing.
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Detergents and abrasives are the major active ingredients in?
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Toothpastes
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Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is what type of infection?
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Viral
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What does mixing bleach with acid produce?
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Toxic chlorine gas
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What is the active ingredient in chlorine laundry bleaches?
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Sodium hypochlorite
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Definition: Molecules that are polymers of amino acids containing C, H, O, N.
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Proteins
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How did DDT affect birds? More specifically, eagles?
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1-Birds laid thin shelled eggs. Eggs couldn't support weight of parents and were "scrambled." 2-Eagles came close to extinction.
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What is BT and what is it used on?
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BT= Bacillus Thuringiensis, Used on lawns/gardens
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Salt increases ? but it masks ? and ?
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1-Sweetness, 2-Bitterness & Sourness
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Slow vs "quick green" refers to the ? of the product.
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Solubility
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What forms a strongly caustic solution when mixed with water?
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Automatic detergent
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Brighteners convert ? light into ? light.
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1-Ultraviolet (UV), 2-Visible
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Water softener uses an exchange resin to substitute ? for Ca+2 & Mg+2 ions.
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Na+
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Name 2 chemicals used to "soften" water.
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Washing soda & Trisodium Phosphate
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The 1st synthetic cleaners had what type of structure?
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Alkene Benzene Sulfonate (ABS)
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Aspirin was isolated in 1860 from what?
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Willow bark
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Acetyloxy (Benzoic) Acid is generally known as what?
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Aspirin
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The fact that acetominophen is prescribed more frequently in hospitals than aspirin is probably because the acetominophen is NOT what?
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Anticoagulant
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Name 2 drugs responsible for up and down mood swing effects
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Adrenaline/epinephrine & Serotonin
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Definition: Craving for the repeated use of a drug because its effects are enjoyable.
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Psychological dependence
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What chemical has been banned from laundry products because of its fertilizer property resulting in water pollution?
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Phosphates
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Anti-inflammatory is used to reduce what?
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Swelling
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Aspirin tablets must contain how many mg's of aspirin?
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325
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Definition: Chemicals that send pain messages to the brain.
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Prostaglandins
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Kids + chickenpox + aspirin = ?
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Reye syndrome
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Definition: The study of the actions and disposition of drugs in the human body.
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Pharmacology
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Drug used by the Greeks in 300 BC
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Opium
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Drug long used by Indians of the Andes Mts in South America
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Cocaine
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What are the 3 ways to name a drug?
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1-Chemical name, 2-Generic name, 3-Brandname/Trademark
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Definition: Chemical used for treatment or prevention of disease.
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Drug
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A patent gives a company the legal right to make and sell a product for how many years?
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17
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What does a tablet contain to allow it to be compressed?
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Binders
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What is the chemical name for Aleve?
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Naproxen
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What is the purpose of an expectorant?
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To bring up mucus from the bronchial passages.
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Definition: Substances produced by microorganisms that kill or inhibit other microorganisms.
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Antibiotics
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Name 2 nondrowsy prescription antihistamines
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Seldane (terfenadine) & Hismanal (astimizole)
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What is the "miracle drug" that has been extremely effective in destroying many forms of bacteria that are deadly killers?
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Penicillin
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What type of gas used in WWI seems effective on some types of skin cancers?
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Mustard gas
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What chemicals are effective on some types of reproductive cancers?
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Sex hormones
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What type of radiation destroys ALL cells it strikes?
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Gamma
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Definition: Functions in the body as chemical messengers.
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Hormones
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What body gland produces thyroxine (cell metabolism)?
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Thyroid
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What body gland produces insulin (regulates sugar)?
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Pancreas
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What body gland produces estradiol (female sex characteristics)?
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Ovary
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What body gland produces testosterone?
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Testes
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What body gland produces cortisone (muscle lubricant)?
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Adrenal gland
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What chemical can lower blood pressure, induce labor, relieve nasal congestion, & relieve ashtma?
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Prostaglandin
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What acid are prostaglandins produced from?
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Arachidonic acid
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Definition: Muscle lubricant that reduces inflammation when injected or applied topically.
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Cortisone
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A look-a-like cortisone often prescribed for topical treatment of skin disorders like dermatitis or psoriasis.
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Prednisone
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What are side effects (5) of "The Pill"?
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Water retention, blood clots, heart attacks/strokes, gallbladder disease, liver tumors.
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What was the original purpose of DES?
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To maintain pregnancy in women having a history of miscarriages.
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What was the problem with DES found in the 1960's?
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Rare forms of vaginal cancer
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It has been used in cattle feed as a growth promoter.
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DES
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Causes the lining of the uterus to shed when taken with an injection of a prostaglandin.
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RU-486
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What tablet is used for abortions?
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RU-486
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What anasthetic was inhaled to leave a person conscious for their operation?
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C3H6, cyclopropane
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In 1860, the anesthetic property of ? was used.
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Cocaine
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What 2 substances are used today instead of novacaine?
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Lidocaine or mepivicaine
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This intravenous anesthetic induces hallucinations similar to those reported by people near death.
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Ketamine
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"Angel dust" as it is called on the street; also used as an animal tranquilizer
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Phencyclidine (PCP)
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This class of depressant are depressants made from barbituric acid.
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Barbiturates
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Used to calm anxiety and other psychic disorders before being replaced by modern tranquilizers.
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Barbiturates
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Alcohol + "Barb" = ?
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200x
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3 typical barbiturate substances
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Phenobarbital, thiopental, pentobarbital
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This drug contains alkaloids and its main component is about 10% morphine.
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Opium
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What are triglycerides?
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Esters of glycerol & fatty acids.
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2 Common Disaccharides
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Sucrose & Lactose
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Name the fatty acid:
CH3 CH2 CH2 COOH |
Butyric acid (butter)
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Definition: Compounds that are hydrates of carbon with the general formula CH2O. Includes sugars, starches, & cellulose.
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Carbohydrates
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Definition: Simple sugars with the formula C6 H12 O6.
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Monosaccharides
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Health wise, the ? unsaturation, the better for our bodies.
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More
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It is recommended that no more than what percentage of our body's energy source comes from fats?
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30%
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If a polysaccharide is made with ALPHA linkages, then the resulting molecule is?
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Starch
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2 Simple Carbohydrates
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Sucroses & Glucoses
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Definition: Method to determine the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids in the molecule.
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Iodine Numbers
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Name the fatty acid:
CH3(CH2)7 CH = CH(CH2)7 COOH |
Oleic acid (olive oil)
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If a polysaccharide is made with BETA linkages, the resulting molecule is?
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Cellulose (fiber)
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Definition: A mixture of chemicals that our body is able to extract energy from.
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Food
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It is recommended that what percentage of our body's energy source comes from carbohydrates?
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65-80%
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2 Complex Carbohydrates
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Starches & Cellulose (not digestible)
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Fats yield ? kcal/gram.
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9
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How is energy measured?
|
Calories
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Definition: Substances made from C, H, O but contain an ester functional group.
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Fats
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What is lactose intolerance?
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Inability to break down lactose into simpler sugars.
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Carbohydrates yield ? calories/gram.
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4
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? has a steroid structure and is synthesized (made) by our body.
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Cholesterol
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Name the fatty acid:
CH3 (CH2)16 COOH |
Steric acid (beef tallow)
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Name the fatty acid:
CH3 (CH2)8 COOH |
Capric acid (coconut oil)
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Disaccharide found in milk
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Lactose
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Name the fatty acid:
CH3 (CH2)14 COOH |
Palmitic acid (palm oil)
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Unsaturation means ? hydrogen, or ? carbon-carbon double bonds.
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1-Less, 2-More
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Typically LOW iodine numbers are associated with ? ?, with the exception of vegetable, coconut, & palm oils.
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Animal fats (saturated fats)
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HEALTH LINK:
1? TO CHOLESTEROL. CHOLESTEROL TO 2? TO HEART ATTACKS. |
1-SATURATED FATS, 2-ARTERIOSLEROSIS
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? FATS HAVE MORE C=C DOUBLE BONDS.
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POLYUNSATURATE
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