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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Electrolytes |
- conduct electricity - salts are very good electrolytes |
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Potassium (K) |
- "no salt" potassium chloride - potatoes |
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Iodine (I) |
- Solid and when it is heated it sublimes - deficiency (goiter) - iodine is needed by the thyroid gland for fat metabolism |
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Iron (Fe) |
- 10 to 20 mg needed per day - iron deficiency = anemia - too much = hemochromatosis - associates with oxygen and carries it around the body - best absorbed with vitamin c |
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Geritol |
- multivitamin (especially iron) |
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Porphyria |
- inherited condition that affects the nervous system and skin (reddish skin and excessive hair) - blood pigment hemoglobin is abnormally metabolized |
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Zinc (Zn) |
- ionic (salt) elemental (solid) - growth, healing, taste - anosmia (dont smell well) - renoids (bad circulation) - oysters - 10mg per day - fiber sequesters zinc so it cannot be absorbed - hair samples |
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Selenium (Se) |
- Antioxidant - works with vitamin E - part of glutathione peroxidase that protects cells against oxidative damage - seaweed / tuna / brazil nuts |
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Calcium (Ca) |
- 99% of bones and teeth (1kg) - 1% of nerve transmission and clotting - women consume less calcium than men (shown by osteoporosis rates) - uptake is better when vitamin D is enhanced |
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Osteoporosis (what is it, who is at risk, risk factors, what medication) |
- weakening (porous) bones - problem for women and for men after 60 - risk factors (short stature, underweight, early menopause, physical inactivity, alcoholism, excess caffeine, not enough protein and fibre) - Ca early in life, estrogen supplements after menopause help (other risks), Ca supplements reduce amount of estrogen needed |
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resorption |
- loss of bone mass - earlier in women by 10-20 years |
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Osteoclasts |
- liberate acid in their action (acid taking away bone material) - break down bones - leaves behind a pit (so the bone is weakened) |
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Fosamax (Alendronate) |
- inhibits osteoclasts from forming |
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Zometa |
- Osteoporosis treatment |
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Osteoblast |
- absorption (build up) - there is a matrix of protein and mineral material that is put together via the body the matrix is synthesized and then mineralized (hydroxyappetite) |
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Bone mass? |
- blood, x ray, CT scan, single photon or double photon absorptiometry |
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FRAX |
- 10 year probability of bone fracture risk - takes into account family history, age, etc |
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Caltrate (calcium carbonate) |
- tums |
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Estrogen |
- receptors in bone cells - estrogen increases the risk of uterine cancer and may increase the risk of breast cancer - premarin + prempro |
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Premarin |
- pregnant mares urine - estrogen suppplement |
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Prempro |
- estrogen + progestin - helps prevent osteoporosis |
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Sucrose |
- C12O22H11 - glucose + fructose - disaccharide |
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Glucose |
- C6H12O6 - monosaccharide - when it enters the body insulin regulates it - does not follow the same pathway as fructose so it does not create uric acid / inflammed joint / gout |
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Maltose |
- glucose + glucose - broken down by maltase |
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Lactose |
- galactose + glucose - broken down by lactase - intolerance is significant (especially in blacks) - people who are intolerant will produce significant amounts of H |
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Beano |
- prevents the gas from beans - from aspergillius niger |
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Starch |
- amylose - broken down by amylase (produced in the salivary glands and pancreas) - large number of glucose molecules linked together by a glycosidic linkage |
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Fiber |
- cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose, lignin |
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Fructose |
- low glycemic index (does not cause blood sugar to rise as much as sugar) - processed in the liver and when there is too much it is stored as fats - too much fat in the blood stream = heart disease - circumvents the appetite signalling system so being full is not triggered - excess fructose creates insulin resistance (type 2 diabetes) - promotes AGEs more than glucose - obesity increases with amount consumed - excess = uric acid increase = inflammed joint (gout) |
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Maillard reaction |
- Louis Maillard - engagement of protein units that have an NH2 group at one end and an COH2 at the other (H2O is given off) - amadori product - AGE's |
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Sugar |
- prevent foods from spoiling - support leavening process in baking - give foods smooth consistency - brazil is top producer cuba is top consumer |
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High Fructose corn syrup |
- 3 enzymes (alpha amylase, glucoamulase, glucoisomerase) - amylases break down all the bonds between glucose units in corn starch - glucose isomerase converts glucose to fructose |
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Fats (function, structure |
- stored energy, insulation, buoyancy, padding, hormone production - glycerol, 3 c-chains, saturated and unsaturated |
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Tristearin |
- 18 carbon chains - saturated (single bonds) solid fat |
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Lard |
- 100% pig fat - 60% unsaturated / 40% saturated |
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Beef Tallow |
- 60% saturated - 40% unsaturated |
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Saturated |
- single bond - solid at room temperature |
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Unsaturated |
- double bond - liquid at room temperature |
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Simplesse |
- protein based fat substitute |
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Olestra (Olean) |
- may cause abdominal cramping and loose stools - inhibits the absorption of some vitamins and minerals - is a fat substitute that adds no fat, calories, or cholesterol to products. It has been used in the preparation of otherwise high-fat foods such as potato crisps, thereby lowering or eliminating their fat content. |
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Kwashiokor |
- protein deficiency in children that is associated with a bloated stomach |
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Protein |
- growth, tissue maintenance, enzymatic processes - polypeptide made up of a chain of amino acids |
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Tryptophan |
- amino acid, 2 carbon rings, precursor to serotonin - used as a base line (if there is enough there is usually an excess of other amino acids) |
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N-glycolylneuraminic acid |
- present in red meat (may cause cancer) |
