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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is plumpy'nut?
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High-protein peanut-based paste. Sent to 3rd world countries by WHO. Main advantage is that it does not spoil.
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What is rBGH?
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recombinant bovine growth hormone. Given to cows to make them produce more milk.
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Why has cooking with coconut oil decreased?
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Too much fat (equivalent to 2 big macs for regular sized popcorn). Industry is gradually going back to using it (more on this in lecture 2)
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What is Freeganism?
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A type of anti-consumerism. People going to back ends of restaurants and picking up food that was thrown out.
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Compare the % of household expenditure for food in North America vs 3rd World.
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Inexpensive in NA (about 10%), much higher in 3rd World (up to 46%!)
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Who demonstrated the conservation of mass with regard to food consumption?
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Lavoisier
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Describe a popular scam that was going on in the 1800s when food was more scarce?
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Dilution of CaSO4 (inexpensive salt) into sugar and flour.
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About 40% of crops are destroyed by ______.
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Insects
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What are the two main causes of famine?
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Insects and lack of proper distribution.
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a) Compare meat consumption in the US with that of India's.
b) Compare fats and oils consumption in the US with that of India's. |
a) 1.5x more protein in US
b) 7x more fats/oils in US |
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a) What is the water content of a watermelon?
b) What is the water content of a radish? c) What is the watermelon of an apple? d) How much sugar would you expect to find in an apple? |
a) 96%
b) 98% c) 85% d) equivament of 6 sugar cubes |
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List the recommended %cal for fats, proteins, complex carbs and sugar.
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30%, 12%, 48%, 10% respectively.
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List the recommended g/d for fats, proteins, complex carbs, sugar.
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65g, 60g, 240g, 50g.
Comes down to about 1lb of dry food daily. |
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How many cals/g for proteins? fats? carbs?
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4cal/g, 9cal/g, 4cal/g
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Why should fat consumption be especially monitored?
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1. High cal/g
2. Easier to store |
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What is molecular coproscopy and what is its function?
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The analysis of dried feces of animals and people. Used to determine the diets of people centuries ago.
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What did a normal diet consist of in 1200AD?
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Molecular coproscopy revealed it was mostly burnt corn and licorice.
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Consider the changes in diet from the 70s to 2006. What has gone down? What has gone up?
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Dairy products down 20%. Meat/eggs, sugar, fruits, grains, fats are up.
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What are we talking about when we talk about "sugar"?
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Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose).
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How much sucrose (in terms of %) do sugar canes typically contain?
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15%
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Who patented a technique to make potash in 1790? Who improved this technique in 1846 and how was it improved?
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Samuel Hopkins. Norbert Rillieux managed to make the conversion possible at a lower temperature (water could be used and evaporated more rapidly with less damage).
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What is typically used for sugar production/extraction?
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Beets and canes. Beets are especially used in Russia, as canes require a T of 21 degrees.
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How many kg of sugar produced yearly?
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120 billion kg.
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Who is the biggest sugar producer in the world? Biggest exporter?
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Brazil (15% production) and Brazil (about 25% of world exports)
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What is the current sugar consumption/person/year?
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About 142lbs/y. NOTE : This includes HFCS! HFCS have been included in the calculation as of 1999.
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Which country is the leading consumer of sugar? Which country has the lowest sugar consuption per capita?
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Cuba - 80kg (176lbs)
China - 15lbs |
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What is the difference between starch and cellulose with regard to digestion?
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Cellulose cannot be digested by humans. We do not have the required enzymes.
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What is the main carbohydrate for energy? Which one is known for going to the liver to "make fat"?
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Glucose. Sucrose.
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What is HFCS?
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Corn starch made of a polymer of glucose.
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What enzymes are required to break down HFCS?
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1. Alpha-amylase - breaks down starch into segments of glucose pieces.
2. Glucoamylase - breaks down the segments into individual units. 3. Glucose-isomerase changes some glucose units into fructose, which is more sweet than glucose. |
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Reorder the following in increasing order of relative sweetness :
Corn syrup, HFCS (55%), Sugar, Fructose, Glucose |
Sugar, Glucose, Fructose, Corn syrup, HFCS (55%)
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Which is more consumed in the United States, cane/beet sugar or HFCS?
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They are equal.
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What is brown sugar?
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Mostly sugar flavored with small amounts of molasses.
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Do high sugarp roducts harbor bacteria well?
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No.
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What is maltose?
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Sweetening agent. Product of alpha-amylase-mediated degradation of starch. Glucose+Glucose.
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What is lactose?
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Glucose + Galactose.
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What is the prevalence of lactase deficiency in the world? In North America?
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World - 70%
North America - Blacks (75%) and Whites (25%) |
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How do you test for lactase deficiency?
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Have someone drink milk and monitor hydrogen production. If large peak, you have a deficiency.
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What is amylopectin? What enzyme breaks it down?
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A type of starch with side chains. Amylase (secreted by saliva and pancreas)
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List some problems arising from fibre consumption (too much or not enough).
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Low minerals, constipation (not enough), diarrhea (too much), diverticulosis, cancer (?), heart disease (?).
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What is variable labelling and is it legal?
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Variable labelling is basically listing sugar, glucose-fructose, honey and brown sugar as different ingredients. It is legal.
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What is honey?
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Glucose and Fructose. High in potassium as well.
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Sugar is converted into lactic acid in the mouth. Which bacterial species drives this conversion?
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S. mutans.
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