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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is quinine from and what is it used to treat?
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"Jesuit" Bark of the South American cinchona tree; used to treat fevers, especially malaria
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What are the two functional groups that all amino acids possess?
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An amino group, (NH2), and a carboxylic acid group, (CO2H)
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What is the angle of the zig zags of a hydrocarbon when carbon is single-bonded.
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109 degrees
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What is the angel of the zig zags of a hydrocarbon when carbon is double-bonded.
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120 degrees
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What are the first ten prefixes for the hydrocarbons?
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1. meth
2. eth 3. prop 4. but 5. pent 6. hex 7. hept 8. oct 9. non 10. dec |
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In diagram 1, which does Bu represent?
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The second
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What is an aromatic?
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Any compound containing a benzene ring or related ring system
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What can "Ar" represent?
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Any substituted phenyl ring; (phenyl with any number of the hydrogen atoms replaced by other groups)
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What does the isopropyl group look like?
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See diagram 2
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What does the isobutyl, (i-Bu), group look like?
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See diagram 3.
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What does the sec-butyl, (s-Bu), group look like?
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See diagram 4.
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What does the tert-butyl, (t-Bu), group look like?
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See diagram 5
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What are alcohols?
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Compounds containing the hydroxyl gropu
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What functional group do alkanes have?
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None
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What are some characteristics of alkanes?
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- Extremely unreactive
- Often used as solvents, especially for purification of organic compounds - Burn well |
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Describe the structure of alkenes, (olefins).
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Contain C=C double bonds
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Describe the structure of alkynes.
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Contain C to C triple bonds; linear
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Are alkynes widespread?
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No
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Which are saturated, alkanes or alkenes?
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Alkanes, because they do not contain a double bond to break
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How does the liver detoxify organic compounds?
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Repeatedly hydroxylates them until they are water-soluble
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Describe the structure of ethers.
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Contain an alkoxyl group, (-OR)
R - O - R |
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What does the everyday name 'ether' denote?
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Diethyl ether; Et2O
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Describe the structure of amines.
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Contain the amino group, (NH2)
R-NH2 |
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Describe the structure of nitro compounds.
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Contain the nitro group NO2
R-NO2 |
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What is a characteristic of nitro groups?
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Several added to one molecule can make it quite unstable and even explosive
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Describe the structure of alkyl halides.
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Contain the fluoro, chloro, bromo, or ido groups
R-F, R-Cl, R-Br, or R-I |
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Describe the structure of aldehydes.
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Contain the carbonyl group
R-CHO |
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Describe the structure of ketones.
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Contain the carbonyl group
R-CO-R` |
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How can aldehydes be formed?
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By oxidizing alcohols; (the liver detoxifies ethanol in the bloodstream by oxidizing it first to acetaldehyde
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Describe the structure of carboxylic acids.
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Contain the carboxyl group CO2H.
R-CO2H |
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What are some characteristics of carboxylic acids?
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- Can react with bases , losing a proton to form a carboxylate salt
- Have sharp flavours |
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Describe the structure of esters.
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Contain a carboxyl group with an extra alkyl group
R-CO2R |
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What type of compound are fats?
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Esters that contain three ester groups.
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Draw the functional group that amides contain.
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See diagram 6.
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Describe the structure of nitriles or cyanides.
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Contain the cyano group
R-CN |
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Describe the structure of acyl chlorides.
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R-COCl
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What is a characteristic of acyl chlorides?
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Too reactive to be found in nature
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Describe the structure of acetyls.
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Two single bonded oxygen atoms attached to the same carbon
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What are heteroatoms?
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Non-carbons
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Describe the alkane oxidation level.
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Zero heteroatom bonds
Includes: alkanes |
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Describe the alcohol oxidation level.
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One heteroatom bond
Includes: alcohols ethers amines alkyl halides alkenes |
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Describe the aldehyde oxidation level.
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Two heteroatom bonds
Includes: aldehydes ketones acetyls |
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Describe the carboxylic acid oxidation level.
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Three heteroatom bonds
Includes: carboxylic acids esters amides nitriles acyl chlorides |
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What is the suffix for alcohols?
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-ol
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What is the suffix for aldehydes?
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-al
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What is the suffix for ketones?
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-one
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What is the suffix for carboxylic acids?
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-ic acid
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What is the suffix for cyanides?
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-rile
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What is the suffix for alkyl chlorides?
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- oyl chloride/flouride/bromide/iodide
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What is the prefix for the nitro group?
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nitro
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How are the functional groups distributed for ortho compounds?
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1,2
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How are the functional groups distributed for meta compounds?
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1,3
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How are the functional groups distributed for para compounds?
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1,4
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What is the abbreviation for acetic acid?
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AcOH
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What is the abbreviation for ethyl acetate?
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EtOAc
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