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151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is matter?
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ANYTHING THAT OCCUPIES SPACE AND HAS MASS
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WHAT IS MASS
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THE QUALITY OF MATTER IN AN OBJECT; THE SI BASE UNIT IS THE KILOGRAM OFTEN REFERRED TO AS WEIGHT
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WHAT IS AN ATOM
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A BASIC UNIT OF MATTER
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WHAT IS AN ELEMENT
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A SUBSTANCE (LIKE CARBO, HYDROGEN, AND IRON) THAT CONSISTS OF IDENTICAL ATOMS
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WHAT IS A COMPOUND
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A PURE SUBSTANCE MADE UP OF TWO OR MORE EEMENTS IN A FIXED RATIO BY MASS
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SIMILEST KIND OF MANNTER THAT CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN ANY SIMPLER AND STILLHAVE PROPERTIES OF THAT ELEMENT AND ALL ONE KIND OF ATOM
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ELEMENT
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ARE SUBSTANCE THAT CAN BE BROKEN DOWN ONLY BY CHEMICAL METHODS. WHEN BROKEN DOWN THE PIECES HAVE COMPLETELY DIFFTERENT PROPERTIES THAN THE ORGINAL COMPOUND
MADE OF TWO OR MORE ATOMS CHEMICALLY COMBINED |
COMPOUND
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WHAT ARE CHEMICAL REACTIONS?
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WHEN ONE OR MORE SUBSTANCES ARE CHANGED INTO NEW SUBSTANCES
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THE STUFF YOU STARE WITH IS CALLED
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REACTANTS
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WHAT YOU MAKE FROM A CHEMICAL REACTION
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PRODUCTS
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THE SMALLEST PARTICLE OF AN ELEMENT THAT RETAINS THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMBENT
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ATOM
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NAME THREE SUBATOMIC PARTICLES OF AN ATOM
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PROTON
ELECTRON AND NEUTRON |
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CHARGES OF PROTONS, ELECTRONS AND NEUTRONS?
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PROTON --------POSTIVE CHARGE
ELECTRON------ NEGATIVE CHARGE NEUTRON ----------NEURTAL CHARGE |
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WHERE DO YOU FIND ELECTRONS
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OUTSSIDE THE NUCLEUS
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WHERE DO YOU FIND PROTONS AND NEUTRONS
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INSIDE THE NUCLEUS
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HOW ARE ELEMENTS DIFFERENT
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THEY HAVE DIFFERENT BECAUSE THEY HAVE DIFFERENT NUMBER OF PROTONS
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WHAT ARE ATOMS COMPOSED OF?
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IDENTICAL PROTONS, NEUTRONS, AND ELECTRONS
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WHAT IS THE ATOMIC NUMBER OF AN ELEMENT?
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IS THE NUMBER OF PROTONS IN THE NUCLEUS
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WWHAT DOES THE NUMBER OF PROTONS IN AN ATOM EQUAL
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THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS
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WHAT IS THE MASS NUMBER
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THE NUMBER OF PROTONS AND NETRONS IN THE NUCLEUS OF AN ISOTOPE
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WHAT IS THE SUBSCRIPT ON THE ELEMENT
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ATOMIC NUMBER
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WHAT IS THE SUPERSCRIPT OF A ELEMENT ? ON THE UPPER RIGHT SYMBOL
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MASS NUMBER
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ATOMS OF THE SAME ELEMEOF NEUTRONS CAN HAVE WHAT
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DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF NEUTRONS THAT CAN BE CALLED ISOTOPES
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WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WE CHANGE THE NUMBER OF NEUTRONS IN AN ATOM?
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WE WOULD CHANGE THE ATOMIC MASS FOR THE ELEMENT
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WHAT ARE IONS
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IF WE LOSE OR GAIN ELECTRONS, OR CALLED
CATIONS A POSITIVE CHG ANIONS A NEGATIVE CHG |
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WHAT UNIT OF MEASURE DO WE USE TO MEASURE ATOMIC MASS
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AMU KNOWN AS ATOIMIC MASS UNIT
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HOW DO WE DETERMINE THE ATOMIC MASS OF EACH ISOTOPE
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BY MUTIPLYING THE ATOMIC MASS OF EACH ISIOTOPE BY ITS ABUNDANCE (EXPRESSED AS A DECIMAL) THEN ADD ITS RESULTS
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WHAT ARE PERIODS ON THE PERIODIC TABLE CALLED
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PERIODS (HORIZPNTAL ROWS)
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three demsional analysis
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mass, distance and liter
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mass 454 grams =
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1 lb
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2.54 cm =
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1 inch
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1.067 quarts =
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1 liter
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10.94 lbs =
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1 gal
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List two types of matter
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pure substance To include elements and compounds
mixtures (HOMONGENOUS AND HEXTROGENUS ) |
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MIXTURES CAN BE ?
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SEPERATED
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PURE SUBSTANCES CAN BE WHAT
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COMBINES TO FORM COMPOUNDS
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WHAT HAPPENS TO THE NUCLEUS OF THE ATOM
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ELECTRONS ORBIT AROUND THE THE ELECTRONIC CLOUD
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CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ELECTRON
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CAN BE CONFINED TO SPECIFIC ELECTRON LEVELS OR OBITS
OPPOSITES ATTRACT ANGULAR MOMENT KEEPS ELECTRONS IN THEIR ORBIT BY PUSHIN IT AWAY LIKE CHARGES REPEL CHARGE SHIELDING IS WHEN NEUTRONS IN THE NUCLEUS ARE KEEP FROM REPELLING TO THE ELECTRONS 3 DEMINSIONAL ARE TINY COMPARED TO THE NEUTRONS AND PROTONS |
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non metals
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an element that does not have PROPERTIES of metal and its reactions tends to accept electrons (18 elements)
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WHERE ARE NONMETALS
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APPEAR TO THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE PERIODIC TABLE EXCEPT FOR HYDROGEN
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CHARACTERISTICES OF NONMETAL
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DO NOT CONDUXT ELECTRICITY EXCEPT FOR GRAPHITE
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WHAT NONMETALS ARE ARE SOLID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
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PHOSPHORUS AND IODINE
BROMINE IS A LIQUID |
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WHAT GROOUP IS KNOWN AS NOBLE GASES
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GROUP 8A
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WHAT DO NONMETALS TEND TO DO?
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ACCEPT ELECTRONS IN THEIR CHEMICAL REACTIONS
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WHY IS HYDROGEN APPEAR IN GROUP 1A
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IT IS NOT CONSIDERED AN ALKAI METAL BUT A NONMETAL BECAUSE OF ITS ELECTTRON CONFIGURATION
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NAME TWO TYPES OF BONDING
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COVALENT AND IONIC BONDING
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WHAT IS COLVALENT BONDING
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SHARING OF ELECTRONS
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WHAT IS IONIC BONDING
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ATTRACTION OF OPPOSITELY CHARGED IONS DUE TO A REACTION IN WHICH ELECTRONS ARE TRANSFERRED
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WHAT ARE CATIONS
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POSITIVE IONS FORMED BY THE LOSS OF ELECTRONS
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WHAT ARE ANIONS
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NEGATIVE IONS FORMED BY THE GAINING OF ELECTRONS
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3 CHARACTERISTICS OF IONIC BONDING
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1. BONDS ARE FORMED BY THE ATTRACTION BEWTEEN OPPOSITELY CARGE IONS
2. IONIC BONDING FORMS IONIC SOLIDS OR SALTS 3. IONS CA BE MONATOMI (ONE ATOMM OR POYATOMIC MORET THAN ONE ATOM |
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HORIZONTAL ROW CALLED
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PERIOD OR SERIES
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VERTICAL COLUMN CALLED
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GROUP OR FAMILIES
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GROUP 1A CALLED
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ALKALI METALS
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GROUP 2A CALLED
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ALKALINE EARTH METALS
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GROUP 7 A CALLED
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HALOGEN (SALT MAKERS)
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PERODIC TABLE CALLED
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A PICTORIAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE ELEMENTS BASED ON ATOMIC NUMBERS AND ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS
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A HORIZONTAL ROW ON THE PERIODSTABLE
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PERIOD
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STABLE ARRANAGEMENT OF FOUR PAIRS OF ELECTRONS IN THE OUTER ENERGY LEVEL OF AN ATOM
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OCTET RULE
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AN ELEMENT THAT TENDS TO LOSE ELECTRONS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS
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METALS
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AN ELEMENT THAT TENDS TO GAIN ELECTRONS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS
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NONMETAL
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AN ELEMENT THAT HAS PROPERTIES OF A METAL AND A NONMETAL
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METALLOID
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ARRANED BY INCREASING SIZE (MOLECULAR MASS)
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THE ELEMENTS ON THE PEROIDIC TABLE
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WHERE DO YOU FIND THE ELECTRONS
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IN ORBITALS
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WHAT IS THE OUTERMOST ELECTRON SHELL CALLED
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VALENCE ELECTRONS WHICH ARE MOST REACTIVE
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WHY ARE THE ELECTRONS THE MOST REACTIVE
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BECAUSE THAY ARE THE FARAR FROM THE NUCLEUS AND SO THEY ARE NOT AS HELD TIGHLY WHICH MAKE THEM THE MOST REACTIVE
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ATOMS HAVE ROOM FOR 8 ELECTRONS IN A VALENCE SHELL AND ALL WANT TO COMPETE FOR STABILITY ACCORDING TO THE WHAT
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OCTET RULE
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ARRANED BY INCREASING SIZE (MOLECULAR MASS)
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THE ELEMENTS ON THE PEROIDIC TABLE
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WHERE DO YOU FIND THE ELECTRONS
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IN ORBITALS
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WHAT IS THE OUTERMOST ELECTRON SHELL CALLED
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VALENCE ELECTRONS WHICH ARE MOST REACTIVE
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WHY ARE THE ELECTRONS THE MOST REACTIVE
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BECAUSE THAY ARE THE FARAR FROM THE NUCLEUS AND SO THEY ARE NOT AS HELD TIGHLY WHICH MAKE THEM THE MOST REACTIVE
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ATOMS HAVE ROOM FOR 8 ELECTRONS IN A VALENCE SHELL AND ALL WANT TO COMPETE FOR STABILITY ACCORDING TO THE WHAT
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OCTET RULE
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WHICH GROUP IS THE MOST STABLE AND NON REACTIVE
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THE NOBLE GASES BECAUSE THEY HAVE 8 ELECTRONS IN THERE OUTER SHELL
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HOW MANY ELECTRONS DOES THE FIRST SHELL HAVE
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2 AND ALL OTHER HAVE 8
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2 PROPERTIES FOR HALOGENS
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1. 7 ELECTRONS IN VALENCE SHELL
2. HAS A HIGH AFFINITY FOR ELECTRONS |
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A MEASURE OF AN STOMS AFFINITY FOR ELECTRONS
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ELECTRONEGATIVITY
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HALOGOGENS HAVE LOW OR HIGH ELECTRON NNEGATIVITY
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HIGH
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WHY DOES NaCl ALWAYS HAVE A 1:1 RATIO:
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BECAUSE Na loses one e- and Cl gains one e-
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The subscrpts are what
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the ratio numbers
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WHAT ARE CHARGED ATOMS OR MOLECULES
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IONS
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WHAT HAPPENS TO E- THAT ARE NEGATIVELY CHARGED
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AN ATOM BECOMES POSITIVELY OR NEGATIVELY CHARGES AST IT LOSES OR GAINS e-
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ANY ATOM OR GROUP OF ATOMS WITH A NEW CHARE (POSITVE OR NEGATIVE) IS CALLED
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AN ION
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THE ATOMIC SIZE OF AN ATOM CALLED
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ATOMIC RADIUS
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REFERS TO THE DISTANCE BETWEEN ATOM'S NUCLEUS AND ITS VALENCE ELECTRONS
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ATOMIC RADIUS
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WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO HAVE AN ELECTRON CLOSER TO THE NUCLEUS
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THE LOWER THE ENERGY AND THE MORE TIGHTLY IT IS HELD
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MOVING L TO R ACROSS A PERIOD THE ATOMIC RADIUS _______________
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DECREASES
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THE NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM GAINS _____________ MOVING FROM L TO R ________________ OF THE NUCLEUS
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PROTEINS
INCREASING THE POSITIVE CHARGE OF THE NUCLEUS |
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WHAT HAPPENS TO THE ATOMIC RADIUS AS IT GOES DOWN A GROUP
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THE RADIUS INCREASES
WHICH MEANS THAT PROTONS ARE BEING ADDED BUT SO ARE NEW ENERGY SHELLS OF ELECTRONS |
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THE PROCESS OF GAINING OR LOSING AN ELECTRON REQUIRES WHAT
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ENERGY
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TWO COMMON WAYS TO MEASURE THE ENERGY CHANGE WHEN GAINING OR LOSING AN ELECTRON
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IONIZATION ENERGY AND
ELECTRON AFFINITY |
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IS THE ENERGY THAT IT TAKES TO FULLY REMOVE AN ELECTRON FROM THE ATOM
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IONIZATION ENERGY
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iONIZATION ENERGY _______________________ MOVING ACROSS THE PERIODIS TABLE FROM L TO RIGHT
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INCREASES
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AS THE ATOMIC SIZE MOVES FROM LEFT TO RIGHT, THE NUMBER OR PROTONS ______________
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INCREASES THE ELECTRONS ALSO INCREASE IN NUMBERS BUT DOES NOT ADD NEW SHELLS OR SHIELDING
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ELECTRONS ARE HELD TOGETHER TIGHTLY ON THE LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE PERIOD
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LEFT WHICH MEANS THEY REQUIRE MORE ENERGY TO TO PRY THEM LOSE
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WHY DO THEY TEND TO LOSE ELECTRONS
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BECAUSE THEIR IONIZATION IS LOW, ( IT TAKES SUCH LITTLE ENERGY TO REMOVE AN ELECTRON ) WHILE THOSE ON THE RIGHT TEND TO GAIN e- SINCE THE NUCLEUS HAS A POWERFUL FORCE AND THEIR IONIZATION ENERGY IS HIGH
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AS IONIZATION ENERGY GOES DOWN A GROUP DOES IT INCREASE OR DECREASE
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DECREASES BECUASE THE ELECTRONS ADDD NEW SHELLS CREATING EXTRA SHIELDING THAT SUPERSEDES THE ADDITION OF PROTONS
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WHAT DOES IONIZATION ENERGY MEASURE?
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IT MEANS IT TAKES LESS ENERGY TO REMOVE AN ELECTRON
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IS THE ENERGY CHANGE IN AN ATOM WHEN THAT ATOM GAINS AN ELECTRON
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AN ATOM'S ELECTRON AFFINITY
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WHEN AN ATOM GAINS AN ELECTRON WHAT HAPPENS
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IT BECOMES MORE STABLE
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WHAT HAPPENS TO THE ATOM WHEN IT GAINS MORE ELECTRONS
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1. POTENTIAL ENERGY DECRESES
2. THE ATOM GIVES OFF MORE ENERGY 3. THE ELECTRON AFFINITY IS NEGATIVE |
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WHEN AN ATOM BECOMES < STABLE UPON GAINING AN ELECTRON ?
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POTENTIAL ENERGY INCREASES
WHICH MEANS THAT THE ATOM GAINS ENERGY AS IT GETS THE THE ELECTRON AND THE ATOM'S ELECTRON AFFINITY IS POSITIVE |
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WHEN AN ATOM WITH A NEGATIVE ELECTRON AFFINITY IS MORE LIKLY TO DO WHAT?
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GAIN ELECTRONS
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ELECTRON AFFINITIES BECOME _______________ AS IT MOVES FROM LEFT TO RIGHT
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INCREASEING NEGATIVE
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DO NOBLE GASES FOLLOW THE ELECTRON AFFINITY RULE
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NO BECAUSE THEY ARE VERY STABLE AND DO NOT WANT MORE ELECTRONS AND THEIR ELECTRON AFFINITIES ARE POSITIVE
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WHAT GROUPS HAVE THE MOST AFFINITY
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CHLORINE
GROUP V11A AND PERIOD 3 |
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REFERS TO THE ABILITY OF AN ATOM TO ATTRACT THE ELECTRONS OF ANOTHER ATOM TO IT WHEN THOSE TOW ATOMS ARE ASSOCIATED THROUGH A BOND
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ELECTRONGEGATIVITY
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WHAT IS THE ATOMS ELECTRONEGATIVITY BASED ON
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ATOM'S IONIZATION ENERGY AND ELECTRON AFFINITY
IT FOLLOWS THE SAME TRENS AS THESE TWO |
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PLAYS A LARGE ROLE OF CHEMICAL BONDING
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ELECTRO NEGATIVITY
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WHAT HAPPENS TO THE GROUPS AS THEY GO DOWN IN THE GROUP
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IT GETS LARGER BECAUSE THERY ARE ADDING VALENCE SHELL AND ARE CREATING NEW ENERGY LEVELS WHY SMALLER DUE TO THE MAGNETIC PULL FO THE NUCLEUS
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WHAT HAPPENS IN IONIC BONDS
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ONE ATOM COMPLETELY STRIPS THE OTHER OF ELECTRONS
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SHARE OF BONDS
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COVALENT
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AS TRENDS BEGIN IN THE TABLE WHAT HAPPENS AS IT GOES ACROSS FROM L TO RIGHT
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IT GETS SMALL IN SIZE
INCREASE IONIZATION OF ENERGY |
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TRENDS AS IT GOE DOWN THE TABLE
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ATOMS ARE LARGER
AND DECREASE IN IONIZATION OF ENERGY |
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TRENDS IN MELTING AND BOILING POINTS AS IT MOVES ACROSS FROM L TO R
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DECREASES
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TRENDS IN MELTING AND BOILING POINTS AS IT GOES DOWN THE GROUPS
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INCREASES WITH THE EXCEPTION OF GROUPS 1 AND 2 JWHICH ARE OPPOSITE OF THIS
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AS YOU MOVE SOWN A GROUP WITH ATOMIC RADII
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THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS INCREASE
EACH SUSEQUENT ENERGY LEVEL IF FURTHER FROM THE NUCLEUS SO THE RADIUS INCREASES AS THE GROUP AND ENERGY LEVELS INCREASE |
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MOVE ACROSS THE PERIOD FROM L TO R THE ATOMIC RADIUS DECREASES WHY
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BECAUSE YOU ARE ADDING ELECTRONS TO THE SAME ENERGY LEVEL
AND AT THE SAME TIME PROTONS ARE BEING ADDED TO THE NUCLEUS |
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THE CONCENTRATION OF MORE PROTONS IN THE NUCLEUS (ATOMIC RADII MOVES L TO R)
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CREATES A HIGHER EFFECTIVE NUCLEAR CHARGE (WHICH MEANS THEIR IS A STRONGER FORCE OF ATTRACTION PULLING THE ELECTRONS CLOSER TO THE NUCLEUS RESULTING IN A SMALLER ATOMIC RADIUS)
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COMMON PROPERTIES OF METALS
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1. METALLIC LUSTER SHINE
2. SOLIDS AT ROOM TEMP 3. MALLEABLE AND DUCTILE 4. CONDUCT HEAT AND ELETRICITY 5. POSITIVE IONS 6. FORMS ALLOYS 7. IN REACTIONS METALS TEND TO GIVE UP ELECTRONS |
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THREE CLASSES OF ELEMENTS
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METALS
NONMETALS METALLOIDS |
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COMON PROPERTIES OF HALOGENS
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GROUP 7
ALL COLORED SUBSTANCES AND GOLORS DEEPEN AS YOU GO DOWN THE GROUP ALL FORM COMPOUNDS WITH NA AND ARE THE ONLY ELEMENTS THAT COMBINE WITH NA |
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PROPERTIES OF NONMETALS
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18 NONMETALS TO THE RIGHT
DO NOT CONDUCT ELECTRICITY ACCEPT ELECTRONS GASES AT ROOM TEMP NEITH MALLEABLE NOR DUCTILE POOR CONDUCTERS OF HEAT AND ELECTRICITY EXIST AS MOLECULES IN THEIR ELEMENTAL FOR FORM COVALEN BONDS WITH OTHER NONMETALS |
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DIFFERENCES IN THE CXHARACTERISTICS OF METALS AND NONMETALS
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1. HAVE FEW ELECTRONS IN VALENCE SHELLS
LOWER IONIZATION ENERGIESSMALLER ELECRRON AFFINITIES THAN NONMETALS LARGER ATOMS THAN NONMETALS |
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SEMI METALS ALSO CALLED METALLOIDS
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8 ELEMENTS THAT HAVE PROPERTIES OF BOTH METALS AND NONMETALS
ACT AS SEMICONDUCTORS |
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ALKALI METALS
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6 ELEMENTS BELONG TO GROUP 1
DISOLVE IN WATER TO FORM HYDROXIDES STRONGLY ALKALINE IN NATURE LOOSELY BOUND VALENCE ELECTRON SHELL ONLY ONE ELECTRON IN OUTER SHELL IONIC BOND LARGEST ATOMIC RADII EASILY LOSES ITS VALENCE ELECTROM LOW IOIZATION ENERGIES RESULT IN THEIR METALLIC PROPERTIES AND HIGH REACTIVATES LOW ELECTRO NEGATIVITIES CAN EXPLODE IF THEY ARE EXPOSED TO WATER |
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ALKALI METALS
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GROUP 1A
SOFT ENOUGH TO BE CUT WITH A KNIFE AND SOFTENING INCREASES IN GOING DOWN THE COLUMN LOW MELTING AND BOILING POINTS AND DECREASE AS GOING DOWN COLUMNS CAN REACT WITH H2O TO FORM HYDROGEN GAS |
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WHERE ARE HOLGENS
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IN GROUP 7A
MELTING AND BOILING POINTS INCREASE AS WE GO DOWN THE COLOUM |
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NOBLE GASES
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GROUP 8A
FORM NO COMPOUNDS MELTING AND BOILING POINTS CLOSE TOGETHER |
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AN ELECTRON IN THE OUTERMOST OCCUPIES (VALENCE) SHELL OF AN ATOM
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VALENCE ELECTRON
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THE OUTERMOST OCCUPIED SHELL OF AN ATOM
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VALENCE SHELL
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THE SYMBOL FO THE ELEMENT SURROUNDED BY A NUMBER OF DOTS EQUAL TO THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS IN THE VALENCE SHELL OF AN ATOM OF THE ELEMENT
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LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE
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6 TH PERIOD IS WHAT
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LANTHANIDES
RARE EARTHS |
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7TH PERIODS IS WHAT
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ACTINIDES AND RARE EARTHS
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GROUP 2 A
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ALKALINE EARTH
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TRANSTION METALS
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3B TO 2B NOT TO INCLUDE THE LANTHANIDES AND ACTINIDES
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METALLOIDS ARE SEMI -METALS
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BORAN, SILICON, GERMANIUM, ARSENIC SB, AND TE
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ATOMIC NUMBER
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IS THE SUM OF THE NUMBER OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS
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THE NUMBER OF PROTONS IN THE NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM
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ATOMIC NUMBER
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NONMETALS ACCEPT OR GIVE ELECTRONS
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ACCEPT
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WHY DOES IONIZATION ENERGY INCREASE FROMM BOTTOM TO TOP WITHIN A COLUM OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
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BECAUSE CLOSER TO THE POSITIVELY CHARGES NUCLESES
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WHY DOES THE IONIZATION ENERGY INCREASE FROM L TO R WITHIN A ROW
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BECAUSE THE POSITIVE HARGE ON THE NUCLEUS INCREASES IN THIS DIRECTION
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MATTER IS DIVIDED INTO
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MIXTURES AND PURE SUBSTANCES
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COMPOSED OF TWO OR PURE SUBSTANCES
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MIXTURE
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AN ELEMENT IS A P
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PURE SUBSTANCE
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A COMPOUND CONSISTS OF ELEMENTS THAT ARE
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COMBINED IN A FIXED RATION
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THE NUMBER ON TOP OF TH ABREV FOR THE ELEMENT IS
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ATOMIC NUMBER OR MASS
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THE NUMBER OF PROTONS IS
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THE ATOMIC NUMBER
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TO FIND THE NEUTRONS
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SUBTRACT THE ATOMIC NUMBER FROM THE ATOMIC MASS
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TO FIND OUT THE NUMBER OF PROTONS OR ELECTRONS IN AN ATOM
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USE THE ATOMIC NUMBER
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WHAT DOES THE ATOMIC MASS REPRESENT
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PROTONS AND NEUTRONS
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WHAT DOES THE ATOMIC NUMBER REPRESENT
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PROTONS AND ELECTRONS
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