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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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metalloids
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B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po
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Democritus
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What is matter made up of?
1) atomos (smallest individual, indivisible parts) 2) void |
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John Dalton
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father or Modern Atomic Theory
1) all matter is composed of atoms 2) an element is matter containing only one type of atom 3) a compound is matter composed of 2 or more elements 4) a chemical reaction is simply the rearrangement of atoms |
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Lavoiser
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Father of Modern Chemistry
Law of conservation of mass |
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Law of conservation of mass
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same amount of material before and after a rxn
matter cannot be created or destroyed |
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Proust
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Law of definite proportions
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Law of definite proportions
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different samples of same compound always contain its constituent elements in the same proportion by mass
ex: "water is water"- always 2 Hs for every O |
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Law of multiple proportions
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if 2 elements combine to form more than 1 compound, the masses of 1 element which combines with a fixed mass of another element is in the ration of small whole numbers
ex: CH4 or C2H6 or C3H8, etc |
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Becquerel
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put photographic plate (x-rays) in drawer with rocks (and lots of uranium) to form black spots on paper= something (radiation) shined on plate
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Curie
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discovered radiation, radium, and polanium
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charges of alpha, beta, and gamma
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alpha= +
beta= - gamma= neutral |
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Thomson
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discover electron
and plum pudding model |
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Rutherford
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discovered proton
experimental design- alpha particle emitter, coined term nucleus |
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Chadwick
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discovered neutron
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Atomic number
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(z) # of protons (or electrons)
(bottom left of X) |
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Atomic mass
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(A) # of protons + neutrons
(top left of X) |
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Isotopes
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atoms with the same number of protons but different mass numbers= different number of neutrons
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molecule
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aggregate of at least 2 atoms in a definite arrangement held together by a chemical bond
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common diatomic molecules
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come in pairs
H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 |
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ions
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atom or group of atoms that have a net positive or negative charge
ex: Na+ needs Cl- to balance out positive: cation negative: anion |
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Empirical formula
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relative numbers of atoms of each kind, "simplest form"
ex: CH2O |
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Molecular Formula
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shows actual numbers of atoms of each kind, "real formula"
ex: C6H12O6 |
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Structural formula
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shows actual numbers of atoms of each kind and their arrangement
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ionic compound
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metal + nonmetal
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molecular compound
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all non-metals
use number prefixes and -ide suffix ex: N2O4: dinitrogen tetraoxide |
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cations with roman numerals
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Fe (iron) and Ti (titanium), V (vanadium) , Pb (lead), Cu (copper)
Fe can be 2+ or 3+ Ti can be 2+, 3+ or 4+ |
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polyatomic cation
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NH4+ (ammonium)
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anion suffix
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-ide
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polyatomic anions
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-ite always has 1 less oxygen than -ate
ex: SO3 2- : sulfite SO4 2- : sulfate |
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oxoanions
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group 17 (F-, Cl-, Br-, I-)
ex: BrO-: hypobromite BrO2-: bromite BrO3-: bromate BrO4-: perbromate |
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anion with H in front
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add hydrogen to front
ex: SO4 2-: sulfate HSO4 2-: hydrogen sulfate |
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acid
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always has H, suffix= -ic
ex: HCl= hydrochloric acid H2 |
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amu
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atomic mass unit, 1 amu= exactly 1/12 the mass of 12C
1 amu= 1.661 X 10^-24 g |
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mole
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the quantity of substance containing as many elementary units (atoms, ioins, molecules, etc) as the # of atoms in exactly 12 g of the 12 C isotope
avogadro's number: 6.022 X 10^23 |
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molar mass (M)
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mass of 1 mol of a substance (use atomic mass number)
ex: Ne= 20.18 g/mol |
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molecular mass (mm)
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add up molar mass of individual atoms to find the mass of the compound
ex: CHCl3= 119.4 g/mol |
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Law of definite proportions
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percent composition by mass
mass %: (mass of element in whole compound)/(mass of whole compound) X 100% |
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finding empirical formula from mass %
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Percent to mass
mass to mole divide by small multiply 'til whole |
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theoretical yield
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maximum amt. of product based on the limiting reageant
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actual yield
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actual recovered amount of product (empirical, observed value from experiment)
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percent yield
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actual/theoretical X 100%
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physical property
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can be measured and observed without changing the composition or identity of a substance
ex: color, melting pt, boiling pt, density |
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chemical property
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to observe this property we must carry out a chemical change
ex: hard boiling an egg, digestion |
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extensive property
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depends on how much matter is being considered
ex: mass, length, and volume |
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intensive property
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does not depend on the amount of matter being considered
ex: temperature, melting pt, boiling pt, density |
