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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Types of Energy |
Mechanical - an object's motion or position (bowling ball). Electromagnetic - Light energy (UV, gamma rays). Electric - energy caused by the movement of electrons (through power lines). Chemical - Energy available for release from chemical reactions (when match is struck). Thermal - Heat energy. Nuclear - Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom from fission or fusion (sun, stars). |
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Where do we get our current energy? |
Oil, coal, natural gas, hydroelectric, and nuclear. |
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Largest oil reserves |
Middle East |
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What sector uses the most energy? |
Industrial |
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Energy demand is also influenced by: |
World population development. |
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Sources of renewable energy: |
Solar Thermal Biomass Geo Thermal Hydroelectric Wind |
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MCL |
Maximum Contaminant Limit |
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MCLG |
Maximum Contaminant Limit Goal |
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How much US wastewater is reused? |
5-6% |
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Acute risks |
Viruses, bacteria, parasites. |
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Chronic Risks |
Metals and salts, inorganic and organic chemicals. |
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TSCA |
Toxic Substance Control Act (ensure chemicals don't pose a risk to health). |
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EDSP |
Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program |
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CCL |
Contaminant Candidate List |
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UCMR |
Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule |
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Why coagulation? |
When pollutants are in colloidal form, they cannot be separated unless by coagulation. Benefits: removal of larger particles and the precipitation of soluble compounds. |
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Destabilization methods |
Repression of double layer, entrapment of colloidal particles by sweeping floc., bridging of colloidal particles. |
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Characteristics of good coagulant? |
Electric charge and size. |
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Florida Ocean Outfall Act |
Prohibits construction or expansion of ocean outfalls. |
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Primary removal mechanisms for CECS |
separation, biological and oxidation |
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Membrane processes |
Microfiltration - particle removal(not salt) Ultrafiltration - particle and pathogen removal(not salt) Nanofiltration - softening Reverse Osmosis - desalination |
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Coagulation VS. Flocculation |
Coagulation: colloidal particles and fine solids are destabilized so they can begin to agglomerate if appropriate. Flocculation: destabilized particles conglomerate into larger aggregated to separate from raw water. |
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Adsorption VS. Absorption |
AD - Outside (Chemical and Physical) AB - Inside |
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Colloids |
Hydrophilic - proteins Hydrophobic - clays and metal oxides |
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Water softening |
precipitative softening
reverse osmosis |
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Brackish water |
salty but less salty than seawater |
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Two major ways to desalinate |
thermal and membrane - roughly boiling and reverse osmosis |
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Reverse VS. Forward Osmosis |
Reverse - changing the natural order by applying pressure. Forward - way things would naturally move. |
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Types of fouling |
scaling - calcium carbonate particulate (silt) - algae biofouling (bacteria) organic fouling |
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SWDA |
Safe Water Drinking Act - 1974 Drinking water quality |
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CWA |
Clean Water Act - 1972 discharge of wastewater |
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Nitrification VS. denitrification |
Nitrification - ammonia to nitrate denitrification - nitrate to nitrogen gas |
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basic components in a water treatment system |
PRIMARY: screens, SECONDARY: activated sludge /clarifier, then tertiary: filtration, disinfection |
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Chemisorption
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If the adsorbate attaches to the absorbent through a chemical reaction (example – covalent bonding).
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Physisorption
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Attaches through physical attraction (example – Van Der Waals forces).
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Three Major Adsorbents
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Activated Carbon – absorbs both larger organics and smaller synthetic organic compounds.
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Activated Carbon
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It is cheap, made from coal, peat and coconuts, the two major types are: Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) which removes taste and odor compounds in water, and Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) which removes trace compounds in water.
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Carbonate Hardness
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TEMPORARY – caused by the presence of dissolved bicarbonate minerals: calcium bicarbonate, calcium chloride.
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Non–Carbonate Hardness
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PERMANENT – present of calcium sulfate and/or magnesium sulfates in water, which don't precipitate out.
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Double Layer Theory
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If a colloidal particle is electrically charged it attracts ions and other colloidal particles of opposite sign.
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Interaction Forces
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Van Der Waals – always attractive.
Electrostatic – attractive or repulsive. Short range, Nuclear, or Electronic – always repulsive. |
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Common Coagulants
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Aluminum salts, ferric and ferrous salts, lime, cationic polymers, and anionic and non–ionic polymers.
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Using Al or Fe Salts as Coagulants and Dosage
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Depends on pH of water, alkalinity of water, and concentration of colloids.
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Potable Water Reuse
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Types: direct (from factory pipe to place) or indirect (through nature first) potable water reuse.
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US Public Health Service
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1914
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US EPA
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1970
90 contaminants – 52 are organic |
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SDWA Standards
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Primary – recognize contaminants, determine MCLG, establish MCL.
Secondary – aesthetics: taste, color and odor, and cosmetics: skin and teeth discoloration |
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Desalination
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separates dissolved minerals and impurities from seawater or salty water
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Chick Watson Law |
Between concentration of disinfectant and contact time. 100 parts/min = 100CL for 1 min or 10 CL for 10 min or 1 CL for 100 min. |