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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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with _____, you use certain isotopes to estimate the age of various items
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radioisotopic dating
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_____ is produced in the upper atmosphere; once a plant or person stops growing, their intake of this is stopped; this was used to attempt to date the _____
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carbon-14; Shroud of Turin
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the two purposes nuclear medicine is used for
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therapeutic (treat or cure disease using radiation) or diagnostic (obtain information about patient's health
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_____ involves injecting Tc into the bloodstream that is then transported to bones, producing a view of the skeletal system
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planar scintigraphy
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radiation therapy is most lethal to _____, makes some forms of cancer susceptible and tries to destroy cancer cells before too much damage can be done to healthy cells
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radiation therapy
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_____ uses an isotopes that emits a positron; allows a physician to examine the heart, brain, and other organs and to show the chemical functioning of an organ or a tissue
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positron emission tomography
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How are PET scans different from x-rays, CT, or MRIs?
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PET scans allow the physician to show the chemical functioning of an organ or a tissue whereas an x-ray only shows the structure
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involves "splitting the atom" and breaking a large nucleus into smaller nuclei
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nuclear fission
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when neutrons from one fission event split further atoms; only certain isotopes, _____, undergo these
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nuclear chain reaction; fissile isotopes
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what are fissile isotopes?
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isotopes that undergo nuclear chain reactions
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Nuclear power plants provide _____ of the electricity of the United States and involve a _____, _____ release of energy
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20%; slow, controlled
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when a reaction takes smaller nuclei and builds larger ones; also known as thermonuclear reactions
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nuclear fusion
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nuclear fusion _____ amounts of energy
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releases
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involves sustaining a nuclear reaction by enriching uranium to >90% uranium-235
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Manhattan project
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when two bonds are formed, _____ is released
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energy
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when two bonds are formed, energy is _____
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released
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_____ are all of the non-valence electrons in an atom
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core electrons
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if something is _____ it has the same number of valence electrons as another element. For example, lithium and potassium are this.
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isoelectronic
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Table salt is always in what form? Why?
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Cubes; because ions organize themselves in an orderly manner
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the ammonium ion is what?
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NH4+
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the hydroxide ion is what?
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OH-
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Out of triple, double, and single bonds, which one is strongest?
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triple
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When doing covalent compounds, what goes in the center?
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whichever wants to form more bonds
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when naming covalent compounds, if there are 2 of something you use what prefix?
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di
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when naming covalent compounds, if there are 4 of something you use what prefix?
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tetra
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when naming covalent compounds, if there are 8 of something you use what prefix?
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octa
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What is the most electronegative element?
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fluorine
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When is something polar?
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When it has a lone pair.
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Something that has a lone pair is _____.
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polar
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Something that has no lone pairs is _____.
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non-polar
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Water is _____ (polar/non-polar).
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polar
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When something is _____, one side of your molecule has a positive charge and the other side has a negative charge.
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polar
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Why was water able to bend?
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The water molecule has a bent shape and the side by the Hs have a positive charge whereas the side with the O has a negative charge; as water flows, on the sides of the flow there is a positive charge which can attract the negative charge on the balloon and thereby bend the water stream
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has no lone pairs on the central atom
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non-polar
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has a lone pair on the central atom
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polar
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What is the strongest type of intermolecular force?
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ionic forces
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an _____ crosses between multiple molecules
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intermolecular
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the conversion between micro and macro scales is
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the mole
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1 mol has how many items?
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Avogadro's number (6.02 x 10^23)
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6.02x10^23 items equals how many moles?
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1 mol
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Why do chemists care about mols?
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Basically, because it takes very small things and make them measurable; it allows us to go to the MICROSCOPIC (things we cannot manipulate) to things that we can actually use
Note that inside an aluminum container, there are 6.02 x 10^23 atoms of aluminum and in the carbon container there are 6.02 x 10^23 atoms of carbon, but the amount of carbon is much smaller since they have different masses |
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How many grams are in 1 mol of something is equal to
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the atomic weight
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the amount of uranium-235 needed to sustain a fission reaction
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critical mass
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the amount of uranium-235 needed to sustain a fission reaction
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critical mass
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