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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the study of matter and the changes it undergoes
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chemistry
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the study of the material world
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science
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the study of how things interact
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chemistry
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an accumulation of knowledge based on observation and tests of assumptions
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science
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the _____ tells us the basic building blocks for everything in the universe
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periodic table
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there are about _____ elements that are actually found in nature
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91
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the practical application of knowledge
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technology
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technology arose in _____ times to allow people to survive in harsh environments
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prehistoric
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_____ is anything that has mass
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matter
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What are the five things science must be?
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testable (must be a positive test in which something happens), reproducible (same result should happen each time you repeat it), explanatory, predictive, and tentative
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a scientific _____ is a universal explanation of a specific phenomena; it is usually mathematic and *ALWAYS* true
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law
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a scientific _____ is the best current explanation for various phenomena; it makes predictions for further experiments
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theory
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a _____ takes something very complex and simplifies it so that we can understand the basics of it
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scientific model
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the _____ is a series of steps that scientists have agreed on with which to tackle a problem
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scientific method
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What are the six steps of the scientific method?
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observation, hypothesis, experiment, revise hypothesis, formulate theory (after hypothesis has been tested by multiple people), reconfirm many times
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the most common limitation of science is the idea of _____, which are things that can change during an experiment that you don't have control over
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variables
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variables are _____ to control for simple systems
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easy
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_____ is the idea of whether or not something is worth pursuing in science
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risk-analysis
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the study of everything around us
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chemistry
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the two types of properties that are defined to understand matter are
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physical properties and chemical properties
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_____ define a material
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physical properties
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_____ are directly observable
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physical properties
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density is a _____ property
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physical
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solubility is a _____ property
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physical
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whenever you think of phase transitions (liquid to gas, solid to liquid, etc.), think _____ change
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physical
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physical properties generally have to do with _____ whereas chemical properties are _____
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just one material; how they interact with one another
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how a material interacts or the absence of interaction with another material are _____
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chemical properties
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in a _____ change there is no change in the type of arrangement of atoms in the substances
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physical
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ice melting to liquid water is what kind of change?
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physical change
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sugar dissolving in coffee is an example of a
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physical change
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_____ invented the first battery in 1800
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Volta
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in a _____, the electric current is supplied by chemical reactions
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battery
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_____ is how the properties/make-up of atoms were investigated
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electrolysis
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_____ is the splitting of compounds using electricity
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electrolysis
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in an electrode, the _____ is negatively charged and therefore attracts the cation
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cathode
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in an electrode, the _____ is positively charged and therefore attracts the anion
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anode
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a _____ is a positively charged ion
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cation
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a _____ is a negatively charged ion
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anion
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_____ used the cathode ray to discover _____-charged particles
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Thomson; negatively
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Which (and whose) experiment found the existence of electrons?
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Thomson's cathode-ray experiemnt
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the _____ was responsible for the discovery of x-rays
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cathode ray
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in a cathode ray, the beam is attracted to the _____ plate
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positive (because the beam contains electrons and is therefore attracted to the positive)
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cathode rays are now known as _____
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electrons
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cathode rays, also known as _____, are emitted by the _____
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electrons; cathode
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Thomson found the existence of _____ and discovered that they were _____ and their mass-to-charge ratio, but could not _____
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electrons; negatively charged; determine their mass or charge separately
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studied the glow caused by the cathode ray tube and discovered x-rays
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Roentgen
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Roentgen discovered _____
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x-rays
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_____'s experiment showed that positive ions could flow in the opposite direction
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Goldstein
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the key part of _____'s oil-drop experiment was that _____
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Millikan; we were able to determine the mass of electrons
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Rutherford's _____ experiment was responsible for what?
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gold-foil; it gave us the modern interpretation of the atom with a nucleus in the center and electrons around the outside
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the nucleus has a _____ charge
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positive
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particles that are smaller than the atom and do not contain the same properties as whole atoms
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subatomic particles
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we use _____ to determine one element from another
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protons
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_____ are the basis for all nuclear reactions
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isotopes
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the smallest characteristic unit of an element
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atoms
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advances in the _____ century allowed scientists to view physical atoms
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20th
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there are _____ atoms in 1 penny
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10^22
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only _____ elements occur in nature
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90
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the ancient Greeks believed that the Earth was made up of _____
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four basic undivisble elements (air, fire, water, and earth)
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_____ was the death blow to the ancient Greeks' view of water as an element
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electrolysis
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the father of modern chemistry
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Lavoisier
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the first chemist to systematically name the elements
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Lavoisier
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accurately weighed the starting materials and products of reactions
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Lavoisier
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_____ is responsible for the law of conservation of mass
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Lavoisier
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Lavoisier is responsible for _____
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the law of conservation of mass
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states that mass is neither created nor destroyed during *chemical* reactions
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the law of conservation of mass
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the _____ is the basis for chemical calculations
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law of conservation of mass
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a chemical reaction is simply a _____ of atoms
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rearranging
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the _____ states that a compound has the same elements in a certain definite proportion and no other combinations
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law of definite proportions
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What does the law of definite proportions state?
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It states that a compound has the same elements in a certain definite proportion and no other combinations
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when you change the ratio, you change the _____
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properties
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the law of definite proportions also implies that compounds have _____
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constant properties
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the _____ states that elements might combine in more than one set of proportions and each set makes up _____
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law of multiple proportions; a new compound with different properties
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What are the four points of Dalton's atomic theory?
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(1.) all matter is COMPOSED OF EXTREMELY SMALL PARTICLES (are indivisible), (2.) atoms of a given element ARE ALIKE BUT DIFFERENT FROM ATOMS OF ANY OTHER ELEMENT, (3.) COMPOUNDS are formed when different elements COMBINE IN FIXED PROPORTIONS (law of definite proportions) (4.) a CHEMICAL REACTION involves only a REARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS (conservation of mass)
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the modern theory bases things on the weight of _____
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carbon
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True or false? Atomic masses are the basis of the periodic table
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False
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Dalton's work was based on _____
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hydrogen
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_____ is given credited for coming up with the periodic table
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Mendeleev
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Mendeleev's periodic table was arranged in order of _____ and _____
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increasing atomic mass; chemical property
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What are two things that prove Mendeleev's periodic table?
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(1.) he left blanks for elements that were later discovered and (2.) a German, Lothar Meyer, also published it after Mendeleev did
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in the periodic table, top to bottom is known as _____
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columns; groups
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in the periodic table, things left to right are known as _____
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rows; periods
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Dalton's theory is useful to explain _____
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the behavior of chemical reactions
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a chemical change involves what?
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a change in the type and/or arrangement of atoms
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iron and oxygen producing rust is an example of a
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chemical change
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hydrogen and oxygen producing water is an example of a
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chemical change
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_____ have definite fixed compositions that do not vary from sample to sample; defined as a single thing
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substances
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_____ have composition that varies from same to sample; defined as several things
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mixtures
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a _____ appears the same throughout
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homogeneous mixture
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a _____ appears different in different sections
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heterogeneous mixture
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saltwater is an example of a
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homogeneous mixture
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one of the fundamental substances from which all things are constructed
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element
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two or more elements that are chemically combined
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compounds
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different subscripts indicate different compounds with _____
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different properties
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the smallest characteristic unit of an element
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atom
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the smallest characteristic part of most compounds
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molecules
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the SI base unit of mass is
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kilogram (kg)
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an atom has a diameter of
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1 x 10^-10
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if the exponent is positive, it means the value is _____ than 1
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greater
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if the exponent is negative, it means the value is _____ than 1
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less
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there are _____ micrometers in a meter
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1,000,000
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there are _____ millimeters in a meter
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1,000
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there are _____ centimeters in a meter
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100
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there are _____ meters in a kilometer
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1,000
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there are _____ meters in a megameter
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1,000,000
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_____ typically accompanies physical or chemical changes and is required to make something happen that otherwise would not
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energy
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_____ is how hot something is
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temperature
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_____ is the energy that flows from a warmer object to a cooler one -- the TRANSFER of energy from one place to another
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heat
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1 calorie equals how many joules?
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4.184J
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the defined SI unit of heat is the
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joule
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the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water 1 degree Celsius is known as _____
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a calorie
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a measure of the quantity of matter in an object
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mass
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a measure of the gravitational force between two objects
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weight
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_____ changes between moon and the Earth; mass does not
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weight
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the SI unit of volume is the _____
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cubic meter
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a _____ is composed of different ingredients that are each compounds
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mixture
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the freezing point of water on the Celsius temperature scale is
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0
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an atomic view of matter was proposed roughly _____ years ago
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2,000
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by definition, a _____ can be broken down into simpler substances
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compound
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The amount of aluminum on the earth today relative to the amount 100 years ago when Al was first commercially extracted from bauxite, an aluminum containing ore
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is essentially the same
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The Law of Definite Proportions was first stated by
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Proust
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The unit of atomic weight is
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atomic mass unit
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The atomic masses for elements are
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relative masses determined by comparison with a standard reference
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Mendeleev's statement of the periodic law is "the properties of the elements are periodic functions of their ________"
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atomic masses
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When Mendeleev developed his periodic table, he placed the greatest emphasis on
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putting elements with similar properties in the same column
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Cathode rays are beams of
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electrons
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Millikan's experimental work allowed for the determination of the
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mass of the electron
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The charge on the nucleus of a sodium atom is
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11+
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The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom is called the
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nucleon number
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How many neutrons are there in the potassium-40 isotope?
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21
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With the discovery of isotopes, which postulates of Dalton's original atomic theory must be modified?
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Atoms of the same element are the same.
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The line spectra of atoms provides experimental evidence for
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the arrangement of electrons
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A vertical column in the modern periodic table is called a
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group
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Elements in the same period generally have
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different properties
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