Chatper 6 Learning

Front 1

Learning p. 226

Back 1

A lasting chaning in behavior or mental processes that resilys from experience.

Front 2

Habituation p. 227

Back 2

Learning not to respond to the repeated presentation of a stimulus.

Front 3

Mere Exposure effect p 227

Back 3

A learned preference for the stimuli to which we have been previously exposed.

Front 4

Behavioral Laerning p 228

Back 4

Forms of learning, such as classical conditioning and operant conditioning that can be described in terms of stimuli and responses.

Front 5

Classical Conditioning p 229

Back 5

A form of behavioral learning in which a previously neurtal stimulus acquires the power to elicit the same innate reflex produced by another stimulus.

Front 6

Neutral Stimulus p 229

Back 6

Any stimulus that produces no conditioned response prior to learning, when it is brought into a conditioning experiment, the researcher will call it a conditioned stimulus (CS) The assumption that some conditioning occurs after even one pairing of the CS and UCS

Front 7

Unconditioned stimulus UCS p 229

Back 7

In classical conditioning, the stimulu that elicits an unconditioned response.

Front 8

Unconditioned response UCR p.229

Back 8

In classical conditioning, the response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning.

Front 9

Aquistion p. 230

Back 9

The initial learning stage in classical conditioning, during which the conditioned response comes to be elicited by the conditioned stimulus

Front 10

Conditioned stimulus CS p. 230

Back 10

In classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit the conditioned response. Customarily in a conditioning experiment the neutral stimulus is called a conditioned stimulus whenn it is first paired with an unconditioned stimulus UCS

Front 11

Conditioned response CR p. 230

Back 11

In classical conditioning, a response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with the unconditioned stimulus.

Front 12

Exstinction (In classical conditioning) p. 231

Back 12

The weakening of a conditioned response in the absense of an unconditioned stimulus.

Front 13

Spontaneous recovery p 231

Back 13

The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a time delay.

Front 14

Stimulus generalization p 232

Back 14

The extension of a learned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

Front 15

Stimulus descrimination p 232

Back 15

A change in responses to one stimulus but not to stimuli that are similar.

Front 16

Neutral Stimulus p 229

Back 16

Any stimulus that produces no conditioned response prior to learning, when it is brought into a conditioning experiment, the researcher will call it a conditioned stimulus (CS) The assumption that some conditioning occurs after even one pairing of the CS and UCS

Front 17

Unconditioned stimulus UCS p 229

Back 17

In classical conditioning, the stimulu that elicits an unconditioned response.

Front 18

Unconditioned response UCR p.229

Back 18

In classical conditioning, the response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning.

Front 19

Aquistion p. 230

Back 19

The initial learning stage in classical conditioning, during which the conditioned response comes to be elicited by the conditioned stimulus

Front 20

Conditioned stimulus CS p. 230

Back 20

In classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit the conditioned response. Customarily in a conditioning experiment the neutral stimulus is called a conditioned stimulus whenn it is first paired with an unconditioned stimulus UCS

Front 21

Conditioned response CR p. 230

Back 21

In classical conditioning, a response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with the unconditioned stimulus.

Front 22

Exstinction (In classical conditioning) p. 231

Back 22

The weakening of a conditioned response in the absense of an unconditioned stimulus.

Front 23

Spontaneous recovery p 231

Back 23

The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a time delay.

Front 24

Stimulus generalization p 232

Back 24

The extension of a learned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

Front 25

Stimulus descrimination p 232

Back 25

A change in responses to one stimulus but not to stimuli that are similar.

Front 26

Experimental neurosis p. 232

Back 26

A pattern of erratic behavior resulting from a demanding descrimination learning task, typically one that involves aversive stimuli.

Front 27

Taste-aversion learning p 234

Back 27

A biological tendency in which an organism learns after a single experience to avoid food with a certain taste, if eating it is followed by illness.

Front 28

Operant p 236

Back 28

An observable, voluntary behavior than an organism emits to "operate: on or have an effect on, the environment.

Front 29

Operant conditioning p 236

Back 29

A form of behavioral learning in which the probabilty of a response is changed by its consequences that is, by the stimuli that follow the response.

Front 30

Law of effect p 236

Back 30

The idea that responses that produced desirable results would be learned or stamped into the organism.

Front 31

Reinforcer p 236

Back 31

A condition (involving either the presentation or removal of stimulus) that occurs after a response and strengthens that response.

Front 32

Positive reinforcement p 237

Back 32

A stimulus presented adter a response and increasing the probability of that response happening again.

Front 33

negative reinforcement p 237

Back 33

The removal of an unpleasant or aversive stimulus, contingent upon a particular behavior. Compare wwith punishment.

Front 34

Operant Chamber p 237

Back 34

A boxlike apparatus that can be programmed to deliver reinforcers and punishers contingent on an animals behavior. The operant chamber is often called a skinner box

Front 35

reinforcement contingencies p. 238

Back 35

Relationships between a response and the changes in stimulation that follow the response.

Front 36

Continuous reinforcement p 238

Back 36

A type of reinforcement scheduled by which all corect responses are reinforced.

Front 37

Shaping p 238

Back 37

An operant learning technique in which a new behavior is produced by reinforcing responses that are similar to the desired response.

Front 38

Intermittent reinforcement p 238

Back 38

A type of reinforcement schedule by which some, but not all, correct responses are reinforced; also called partial reinforcement

Front 39

Extinction ( in operant conditioning) p 238

Back 39

A process by which a response that has been learned is weakened by the absence or removal of reinforcement.(compare with extinction in classical conditioning.)

Front 40

Schedules of reinforcement p 239

Back 40

Programs specifying the frequency and timing of reinforcements.

Front 41

Ratio schedule p 239

Back 41

A program by which reinforcement depends on the number of correct responses.

Front 42

Interval schedule p 239

Back 42

A program by which reinforcement depends on the time interval elapsed since the last reinforcement.

Front 43

Variable raito (VR) schedules p 239

Back 43

Reinforcement programs by which the number of responses required for a reinforcement varies from trial to trial.

Front 44

Fixed Interval FI p 239

Back 44

Programs by which reinforcement is contigent upon a certain, fixed time period.

Front 45

Fixed ratio (FR) schedules p 239

Back 45

programs by which reinforcement is contingent upon a certain, unwavering number of responses.

Front 46

Variable Interval VI schedules p 240

Back 46

Programs by which the time period between reinforcements varies from trial to trial

Front 47

Primary reinforcers p 240

Back 47

REinforcers such as food and sex, that have an innate basis because of their biological value to an organis,.

Front 48

Conditioned reinforcers or secondary reinforcers p 240

Back 48

Stimuli, such as money or tokens, that aquire their reinforing power by a leaned association with primary reinforcers.

Front 49

Token economy p 240

Back 49

A therapeutic method, based on operant conditioning, by which individuals are rewarded with tokens can be redeems for a variety of rewards and privileges.

Front 50

Premack principle p 241

Back 50

the concept developed by david premack, that a more preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred activity

Front 51

Punishment p 241

Back 51

An aversive stimulus which, occurring after a response, deminishes the strength of that response ( compare with negative reinforcement.)

Front 52

Positive punishment p 241

Back 52

The application of an aversive stimulus after a response.

Front 53

negative punishment p 241

Back 53

the removal of an attractive stimulus after a response.

Front 54

Insight learning p 249

Back 54

A form of cognitive learning originally described by the Gestalt psychologists, in which problem solving occurs by means of sudden reorganization of perceptions.

Front 55

Cognitive Map p 249

Back 55

A mental representation of physical space.

Front 56

Observational Learning p 252

Back 56

A form of cognitive learning in which new responses are acquried after watching others' behavior and the consequences of their behavior.

Front 57

Long-term potentiation p 253

Back 57

A bilogical process involving physical changes that stengthen the synapses in the groups of nerve cells, which is believed to be the neural basis of learning.