Charles Ii

Front 1

Give two reasons Charles II was restored?

Back 1

- Fear of another civilwar

-It was essential that order be restored to many of the nobility, given the collapse of the Republic

- Charles's deceleration of Breda made him an attractive option

-Following the one man rule under Cromwell, it seemed likely that any new republican government would be rejected.

Front 2

What did the deceleration if Breda state?

Back 2

Religious toleration, payment of arrears to the army, general pardon of republicans etc (except regicides),

Front 3

What happened in early 1660 in terms of parliament?

Back 3

The long parliament was restored, dissolved itself, and called new elections

Front 4

What parliament was created as a result of the long parliament's self dissolve?

Back 4

The convention parliament

Front 5

What groups did the Convention parliament include?

Back 5

A number of royalists, and those who opposed republicanism. It contained very few republicans.

Front 6

What landmark thing did the Convention parliament do?

Back 6

Accept Charles's Deceleration of Breda and invited him to England

Front 7

What happened at the end of 1660 following the restoration?

Back 7

The Convention Parliament was dissolved, and new elections held. A coup was attempted by Fifth Monarchists

Front 8

What did the coup result in in terms of elections?

Back 8

Produced a massive Royalists majority, which made up a new 'Cavalier' parliament.

Front 9

Describe the character of the Cavalier Parliament?

Back 9

Overwhelmingly Anglican and suspicious of both Catholics and dissenters

Front 10

What did the new political settlement include?

Back 10

-Prerogative courts were abolished.

-The 1641 triennial act was renewed but crucially did not include any mechanisms to enforce the calling of parliament.

-Parliament ensured they controlled the militia, although the militia act of 1661 stated the king was in charged of the armed forces.

-The privy council was increased in size to accommodate new factions, however it was difficult to manage, so he relied on a small inner circle head by Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon

Front 11

Who was Edward Hyde?

Back 11

The Earl of Clarendon, and a chief advisor of the king's.

Front 12

What religious reform took place in 1661?

Back 12

The old Presbyterian system was abolished, and with the Fifth Monarchist coup and the election of the Cavalier Parliament, High Anglicanism would now dominated.

Front 13

What did the financial settlement of the restoration include?

Back 13

Parliament approved a regular income if £1.2 million a year, mainly from customs duties and excise tax.

The Hearth Tax was introduced (tax on number of fireplaces in a house), however was disappointing at it only rose around £50,000 in its first year.

Front 14

What two sides formed in the Cavalier Parliament?

Back 14

Court

Country

Front 15

What did the Country Party consist of?

Back 15

Those who were suspicious of Charles's links to Catholic Powers and Arminians

Front 16

What four acts, known as the Clarendon code, were passed in the Cavalier Parliament

Back 16

The Corporation Act of 1661

The Act of Uniformity 1662

The Conventicle Act 1664

The Five Mile Act

Front 17

What did the Corporation Act do?

Back 17

Restricted non Anglicans from sitting on borough corporations

Front 18

What did the Act of Uniformity do?

Back 18

Stated that parish priests should accept the Book of Common Prayer. Many couldn't and thus were expelled

Front 19

What did the Conventicle Act do?

Back 19

Prevented dissenters from meeting in groups outside the Church Of England

Front 20

What did the Five Mile Act do

Back 20

Forbade ministers who had been expelled due to the Uniformity act from going within five miles of former parishes

Front 21

What did Charles attempt in 1662 to introduce religious toleration?

Back 21

First Deceleration of Indulgence, which attempted to suspend the act of Uniformity and allow both dissenters and Catholics to worship with relative freedom.

Front 22

What was the reaction to the First Deceleration of Indulgence?

Back 22

Rejected and opposed by the House of Lords and House Of Commons

Front 23

When did the Second Anglo Dutch war start, and finish?

Back 23

1665 and ended in 1667

Front 24

What disaster forced England out of the war?

Back 24

In 1667 the Dutch fleet advanced up the River Medway and sunk the majority of the anchored English fleet, which was anchored as a result of lack of finance

Front 25

When was the Treaty of Dover signed?

Back 25

1670

Front 26

What did the Treaty of Dover state

Back 26

Publicly it committed England to war against the Dutch, secretly it necessitated that Charles had to convert to Catholicism at an appropriate time, in exchange for French subsidies that would free Charles of parliamentary dependence.

Front 27

When did the Third Anglo Dutch war start and end and what was its result

Back 27

1672 to 74, English defeat

Front 28

When was the Second Deceleration of Indulgence issued?

Back 28

1672, whilst parliament wasn't sitting.

Front 29

What financial crisis did Charles face during the Third Anglo Dutch War?

Back 29

Stop of the Exchequer, Charles was in such large debt he suspended payments to creditors, damaging his credit rating

Front 30

Why did the Second Deceleration of Indulgence fail, what replaced it?

Back 30

With growing financial pressure due to the Third Anglo Dutch War, Charles called Parliament. For finance he withdrew the deceleration of indulgence, and passed the Test Act

Front 31

What did the Test Act do?

Back 31

Forced holders of public office to deny key Catholic doctrines, if they couldn't do this they lost their office.

Front 32

When was the Earl of Clarendon replaced and what was he replaced with?

Back 32

1667, the Cabal

Front 33

Who did the Cabal consist of?

Back 33

Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, and Lauderdale

Front 34

How many, and who of the Cabal, were Catholics?

Back 34

Clifford and Arlington

Front 35

What did James do in 1668? What pressure did this create

Back 35

James Duke of York, Charles's brother and heir to the throne, became a Catholic. The prospect of a Catholic heir meant that later the Whigs would try to remove him from succession.

Front 36

Why was the Second Deceleration of Indulgence so opposed?

Back 36

The Catholic sympathies of Charles were becoming increasingly apparent, and the fear of Catholic takeover increased.

Front 37

The actions of which country in Europe encouraged anti Catholic sentiment?

Back 37

France with its expansion into the low countries and Germany

Front 38

What alliance did the Treaty of Dover end?

Back 38

The Triple Alliance between Protestant England, Protestant United Provinces, and Protestant Sweden

Front 39

Why did Charles favour a French alliance, other than the financial benefit?

Back 39

His mother was French

He'd spent exile in France

His sister Henrietta, was married into the French royal family.

He looked to France as an example in the fields of art, culture, and philosophy.

Front 40

Explain the Popish plot?

Back 40

In 1678, an Anglican Priest named Titus Oates approached magistrate Berry Godfrey with a story of a plot organised by Jesuits and French to murder Charles II and put James on the throne. His story lacked credibility, but as Godfrey was found dead in a London park not long after the plot began to be believed. 35 Catholics were accused and killed in the following hysteria

Front 41

What did Charles do in 1679 to avoid escalation with the crisis?

Back 41

Dissolved Parliament, new elections were called but they produced an anti Danby majority. These majority MPs were known as Whigs

Front 42

What was the Exclusion Bill?

Back 42

An attempted bill by the Whigs to exclude James from the throne and replace him with Charles's illegitimate Protestant son the Duke of Monmouth.

Front 43

What was Charles's reaction to the Exclusion Bill?

Back 43

Dissolved Parliament, pressured lords into rejecting the exclusion bill

Front 44

How was Charles able to survive and put down the exclusion bill?

Back 44

He used his prerogative powers to override parliament

Longer the crisis continued, fewer MPs supported it as they felt the Catholic threat had dwindled

Charles was financially independent thanks to Louis XIV

Charles arrested Whigs and purged Whigs from local elections

Front 45

How did Charles persecute the Whigs and prevent their influence?

Back 45

-Using prerogative powers to control the judiciary, he arrested many Whigs removing them from office

-He was financially independent as a result of an excise tax boom and French support

-The Tory faction ensured that the Clarendon code was enforced and renewed enthusiasm against dissenters, who were often Whig

Front 46

When was the Rye House Plot?

Back 46

1683

Front 47

What did the Rye House Plot do?

Back 47

Alienated Whigs further, to the point they had little support at all and were thus no longer a threat to Charles. It allowed Charles to arrest many Whigs, with three Whig leaders been beheaded for treason.

Front 48

What was the Rye House Plot?

Back 48

A group of old Cromwellian soldiers concocted a plot to kill Charles and replace him with Monmouth. The plot failed and those involved arrested.