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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are emotions?
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Reactions to stimuli, transitory, subjectively experienced, trigger physiological changes
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What are Primary emotions?
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Considered innate, anger, sadness, fear, joy, love, surprise, disgust, shame
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What secondary emotions?
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Learned emotions.
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What is the limbic system?
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Discovered by Paul Broca to describe the region deep within the brain that borders the corpus callosum and cerebral cortex. Key role in our primary emotions, hunger, sex, memory, learning, attention, consciousness and social behavior.
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Which organs are included in the limbic system?
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Hypothalamus, Thalamus, Nuclues Accumbens, Amygdala, Septum, Cingulate Gyrus, Hippocampus, Fornix.
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What role does the hypothalamus play in the limbic system?
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Maintains a constant two-way coversation with every other part of the limbic system. Fight or Flight. The adrenal glands respond by quickly releasing adrenaline and NE. The body is put into a state of general arousal.
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What is the sympathetic nervous system?
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A system that is a "rapid response" component of the fight or flight response to stress.
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What happens after the sympathetic nervous system has done its work?
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The parasympathetic branch of the ANS responds by shutting down the emergency responses and generation calming, energy conserving responses.
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What is the HPA axis? (Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal)
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Second phase of flight or flight. Th elite response system. HPA response begins as hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland (master endocrine sys.) with CRF (corticotrophic hormone). Then the pituitary releases adrenocorticotropic hormone which travels through the bloodsteram to the adrenal glands. Lastly, adrenal glands respond by secreting glucocorticoids into blood.
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More on HPA Axis
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Activity of the HPA is tightly regulated by feedback from the stress hormones it releases. When stress hormone levels become too high, the hypothalamus shut off HPA activity, this is called "negative feedback".
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What are the two phases of stress response?
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Acute stress and chronic stress
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What is acute stress?
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Involves activation of the autonomic and endocrine systems. Mobilization of energy, release of adrenaline, resistance to infection, release of cortisol, increase in heart rate and blood pressure
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What is chronic stress?
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Involves activation of the HPA axis. Cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, infertility.
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How are glucocorticoids related to depression?
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Long term exposure may result in depression. In depression the hypothalamus fails to regulate levels of glucocorticoids.
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What is the the reward circuit?
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Parts of the limbic system responsible for pleasure.
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How is the nuclues accumbens responsible for pleasure in the reward circuit?
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The brain's primary reward center. The NA is a major destination of axons from the dopamine (pleasure) producing neurons of the substantia nigra (mid brain).
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How is the Amygdala involved in emotion?
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Almond-shaped, receives sensory input from the environment, evaluates it for emotional significance. Generates all of our primary emotions. "The emotion factory" "The Brain's Danger Detector" "Fear Central"
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Who was Josepth LeDoux?
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Showed that sensory information reaches the amygdala via two parallel patheways: a "quick pathway" and a "slow pathway".
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What happens if you lesion the amygdala?
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Lab animals became indifferent to danger.
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What are Anxiety disorders?
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Among the most common types of mental health problems. Panic attacks, the amygdala is highly activated.
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What is Post-traumatic Stress disorder?
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A severe anxiety disorder that can develop in response to overwhelmingly stressful events. PTSD may involve sensitization of the amygdala's danger detector.
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How is the septum involved in emotion?
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Limbic system's emotional network with extensive connections to the amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, midbrain and cerebral cortex. "The Emotion Modulator" Plays role in cognition and reward.
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Which part of limbic system is involved with aggression?
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The amygdala, hypothalamus, and septum but the amygdala is most prominent.
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What is the cingulate gyrus?
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Located deep in the brain, just above the corpus callosum. Consists of two parts: anterior cingulate and posterior cingulate. Attention/Error Detector
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What is the anterior cingulate?
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Plays important roles in attention, cognition, emotions, maternal behavio, play, social bonding and attachment.
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What is the posterior cingulate?
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Plays key roles in processing information regarding space and time.
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Which part of the brain is the "worry central"?
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The anterior cingulate gyrus when it's over-active.
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What is OCD?
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Over-activity of the cingulate gyrus, the brain is "locked".
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What are the three basic steps in memory processing?
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Acquisition of new info, storage of info and retrieval of information.
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What is sensory memory?
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First stage of memory registers vast amount of information received by the senses and holds it for only about one second and quickly fades.
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What is short-term memory?
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A temporary memory storage system that holds information you are currently thinking about. Held for about 20-45 seconds and 7 items at a time. "working memory"
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What is long term memory?
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Information that is actively processed through assigning it meaning and personal emotional significance or by associating it to previously learned material. "Consolidated" There is Recent LTM or Remote LTM (2+ years)
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What is memory retrieval?
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The process of accessing information stored in long term memory.
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What are the types of memory?
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Declarative or "explicit" memory and Non-declarative or "implicit" memory.
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What is declarative memory?
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"Explicit", involves the ability to consciously recall the details of events, including time, place and circumstance.
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What are the two types of declarative memory?
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Semantic and Episodic.
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What is Semantic memory?
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Memory for facts - names, dates, definitions and other types of knowledge.
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What is Episodic memory?
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Memory for life events.
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What is Non-declarative memory?
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"Implicit" memory involves memories for skills and automatic non-conscious operations such as habits, learned movements and conditioned responses.
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What are the three types of non-declarative memory?
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Procedural memory, classical condition, and primming.
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What is Procedural memory?
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"How to" do things like ride a bike, drive a car or typing. Movement etc. Once acquired theses actions are done automatically.
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What is classical conditioning?
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Pavlov's dogs.
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What is primming?
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Refers to the increased ability to process a stimulus due to prior presentation of the stimulus.
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What two stages occur during primming?
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1) Initial presentation of the stimulus (word, sound etc.) and 2) the re-exposure phase.
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How is the hippocampus involved in memory?
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"The Brain's File Clerk". Has role in consolidating episodic and semantic declarative memories. Also involved in REM
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Where are long term memories stored?
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In the cerebral cortex.
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How are the brain and memory connected?
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Key components of the declarative memory system include the amygdala and hippocampus. The cerebellum and basal ganglia are key components of the non-declarative memory system.
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How are emotions and memory connected?
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The hippocampus and the amygdala work together to record emotional memories. When the amygdala determines an experience is signficant it signals the hippocampus to store it as a memory.
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Who are Jim McGaugh and Larry Cahill?
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They conducted a study about emotional arousal's influence on memory.
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How is stress and the hippocampus?
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Too much emotional stress can impair functioning of the hippocampus. Glucocorticoids are released to deal with stress but excessive exposure can damage neurones.
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Who is Sapolsky?
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Did a study on stress, found that glucocorticoids kill neurons.
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What is Amnesia?
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Occurs when the hippocampus is legioned or damaged. Or surrounding parts of the Cerebral cortex.
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What are the two types of Amenisia?
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Anterograde and Retrograde
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What is anterograde amnesia?
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Inability to form new memories
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What is retrograde amenisia?
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Inability to remember things that happened before the brain damaged.
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What is dementia and Alzheimers?
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Severe impairments in cognition and memory. Alzheimers is the most common form. Leads to complete disablement and death.
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What are neurofibrillary tangles ?
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tangled webs of neuron strings from AD sufferers.
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What is the principle NT system affected by AD?
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THe acetylcholine system.
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