Chapters 6-8

Front 1

Avoidance Behavior

Back 1

Behavior that occurs before the aversive

stimulus is presented and thereby prevents its delivery

Front 2

Contrived Reinforcers/ Artificial Reinforcers

Back 2

reinforcers that have been deliberately arranged to modify a behavior; not a typical consequence

Front 3

Discriminative Stimulus

Back 3

A stimulus in the presence of which responses are reinforced and in the absence of which they are not reinforced; that is, a stimulus that signals the availability of reinforcement

Front 4

Discriminative Stimulus for Extinction

Back 4

a stimulus that signals the absence of reinforcement

Front 5

Escape Behavior

Back 5

a behavior that results in the termination of an aversive stimulus

Front 6

Extrinsic Reinforcement

Back 6

The reinforcement provided by a consequence that is external to the behavior

Front 7

Generalized Reinforcer (Generalized secondary reinforcer)

Back 7

A type of secondary reinforcer that has been associated with several other reinforcers

Front 8

Intrinsic Reinforcement

Back 8

Reinforcement provided by the mere act of performing the behavior; the performance of the behavior is inherently reinforcing

Front 9

Law of Effect

Back 9

Thorndike- the proposition that behaviors that lead to a satisfying state of affairs are

strengthened, while behaviors that are unsatisfying are weakened

Front 10

Natural Reinforcers

Back 10

reinforcers that are naturally provided for

a certain behavior; the performance of the

behavior is rewarding

Front 11

Negative Punishment

Back 11

The removal of a rewarding stimulus following a response that leads to a decrease in the future strength of that response

Front 12

Negative Reinforcement

Back 12

The removal of an unpleasant stimulus following a response that leads to an increase in the

future strength of that response

Front 13

Operant Behavior

Back 13

A class of emitted repines that result in certain consequences; theses consequences, in turn, affect the future probablility or strength of those responses

Front 14

Operant Conditioning

Back 14

A type of learning in which the future probability of behavior is affected by its consequences

Front 15

Positive Punishment

Back 15

The presentation of a stimulus that is

unpleasant following a response that leads to a decrease in the future strength of that response

Front 16

Positive Reinforcement

Back 16

The presentation of a pleasant stimulus following a response that leads to the strengthening of that response

Front 17

Primary Reinforcer ( unconditioned reinforcer)

Back 17

An event that is innately reinforcing

Front 18

Punisher

Back 18

An event that follows a behavior that decreases the future probability of that behavior

Front 19

Reinforcer

Back 19

An event that follows a behavior that increases the future probability of that behavior

Front 20

Secondary Reinforcer (conditioned reinforcer)

Back 20

An event that is reinforcing because it has been associated with some other reinforcer

Front 21

Shaping

Back 21

The gradual creation of new operant behavior through reinforcement of successive

approximations to that behavior

Front 22

Three term contingency

Back 22

The relationship between a discriminative stimulus, an operant stimulus, and a reinforcer or punisher

Front 23

Adjusting schedule

Back 23

A schedule in which the response requirement changes as a function of the previous reinforcer

Front 24

Behavioral Bliss Point Approach

Back 24

The theory that an organism with free access to alternative activities will distribute its behavior in such a way as to maximize overall reinforcement

Front 25

Chained Schedule

Back 25

A schedule consisting of a sequence of two or more simple schedules, each with its own discriminative stimulus

Front 26

Complex Schedule

Back 26

A schedule consisting of a combination of two or more simple schedules

Front 27

Continuous Reinforcement Schedule

Back 27

A schedule in which each specified response is reinforced

Front 28

Differential Reinforcement of High Rates (DRH)

Back 28

A schedule in which reinforcement is contingent upon emitting at lease a certain number of

responses in a certain period of time;

reinforcement is provided for responding at a fast rate

Front 29

Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates (DRL)

Back 29

A schedule in which a minimum amount of time must pass between each response before the

reinforcer will be delivered; reinforcement is provided for responding at a slow rate

Front 30

Differential Reinforcement of Paced Responding (DRP)

Back 30

A schedule in which reinforcement is contingent upon emitting a series of responses at a set rate; reinforcement is provided for responding

neither to fast or too slow

Front 31

Drive Reduction Theory

Back 31

An event is reinforcing to the extent that it is

associated with a reduction in some type of physiological drive

Front 32

Fixed Duration (FD) Schedule

Back 32

A schedule in which reinforcement is contingent upon continuous performance of a behavior for a fixed and predictable period of time

Front 33

Fixed Interval (FI) schedule

Back 33

A schedule in which reinforcement is contingent upon the first response after a fixed and

predictable period of time

Front 34

Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule

Back 34

A schedule in which reinforcement is contingent upon a fixed, predicable number of responses.

Front 35

Fixed Time (FT) Schedule

Back 35

A schedule in which the reinforcement is

delivered following a fixed and predictable

period of time, regardless of behavior

Front 36

Goal Gradient Effect

Back 36

An increase in the strengthe and efficiency of responding as one draws near to the goal

Front 37

Incentive Motivation

Back 37

Motivation derived from some property of the reinforcer, as opposed to an internal drive state

Front 38

Intermittent (partial) Reinforcement Schedule

Back 38

A schedule in which only some responses are reinforced

Front 39

Non contingent Schedule of Reinforcement

Back 39

A schedule in which the reinforcer is delivered independently of any response

Front 40

Premack principle

Back 40

the notion that a high-probablility behavior can be used to reinforce a low-low-probablility behavior

Front 41

Ratio Strain

Back 41

A disruption in responding due to an overly

demanding response requirement

Front 42

Response Deprivation Hypothesis

Back 42

The notion that a behavior can serve as a reinforcer when access to the behavior is restricted and its frequency falls below its preferred level of occurance

Front 43

Response-Rate Schedule

Back 43

A schedule in which reinforcement is directly contingent upon the organism's rate of response

Front 44

Schedule of Reinforcement

Back 44

The response requirement that must be met to obtain reinforcement

Front 45

Variable Duration (VD) Schedule

Back 45

A schedule in which reinforcement is contingent upon continuous performance of a behavior for a varying and unpredictable period of time

Front 46

Variable Interval (VI) Schedule

Back 46

A schedule in which reinforcement is contingent upon the first response after varying, unpredictable number of responses

Front 47

Variable Time (VT) Schedule

Back 47

A schedule in which the reinforcer is delivered following a varying, unpredictable period of time, regardless of the organism's behavior

Front 48

Anticipatory Contrast

Back 48

The process whereby the rate of response varies inversely with an upcoming and anticipated change in the rate of reinforcement

Front 49

Behavioral Contrast

Back 49

A change in the rate of reinforcement on one component of a multiple schedule produces an opposite change in the rate of response on another component

Front 50

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)

Back 50

Reinforcement of any behavior other than a target behavior that is being extinguished

Front 51

Discrimination Training

Back 51

The differential reinforcement of responding in the presence of one stimulus (the discriminatory stimulus) and not another

Front 52

Discriminative Stimulus for Extinction

Back 52

A stimulus that signals the absence of reinforcement

Front 53

Errorless Discrimination Training

Back 53

A discrimination training procedure that minimizes the number of errors and reduces many of the adverts effects associated with discrimination training

Front 54

Extinction

Back 54

The non-reinfocement of previously reinforced response, the result of which is a decrease in the strength of that response

Front 55

Extinction Burst

Back 55

A temporary increase in the frequency and intensity of responding when extinction is first

implemented

Front 56

Fading

Back 56

The process of gradually altering the intensity of a stimulus

Front 57

Generalization Gradient

Back 57

A graphic description of the strength of responding in the presence of stimuli that are similar the discriminatory stimuli and vary alone a continuum

Front 58

Multiple Schedule

Back 58

A complex schedule consisting of two or more independent schedules presented in sequence, each resulting in reinforcement and each having a distinctive discriminatory stimuli

Front 59

Negative Contrast Effect

Back 59

The process whereby an increase in the rate of reinforcement on one component of a multiple schedule produces a decrease in the rate of

response on the other component

Front 60

Partial Reinforcement Effect

Back 60

The process whereby behavior that has been maintained on an intermittent (partial) schedule of reinforcement extinguishes more slowly than behavior that has been maintained on a

continuous schedule

Front 61

Peak Shift Effect

Back 61

Following discrimination training, the peak of a generalization gradient will shift from the

discriminatory stimuli to a stimulus that is further removed from the discriminative stimulus for extinction

Front 62

Positive Contrast Effect

Back 62

The process whereby a decrease in rate of reinforcement on one component of a multiple schedule produces an increase in the rate of

response on the other component

Front 63

Resistance to Extinction

Back 63

The extent to which responding persists after an extinction procedure has been implemented

Front 64

Resurgence

Back 64

The reappearance during extinction of other behaviors that had once been effective in obtaining reinforcement

Front 65

Spontaneous Recovery

Back 65

The reappearance of an extinguished response following a rest period after extinction

Front 66

Stimulus Control

Back 66

A situation in which the presence of a

discriminative stimulus reliably affects the probability of behavior

Front 67

Stimulus Discrimination

Back 67

The tendency for an operant response to be emitted more in the presence of one stimulus than another

Front 68

Stimulus Generalization

Back 68

The tendency for an operant response to be emitted in the presence of a stimulus that is similar to a discriminative stimuli