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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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parasympathetic branch
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-restorative processes
-reduces heart rate and blood pressure -increases digestive processes -constricts pupils & bronchioles -stimulate the secretion of various fluids |
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sympathetic branch
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-increases heart rate, blood pressure and cardiovascular output
-shuts down the digestive process -reduces activity of immune responses -prepares the body for fight or flight |
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What nerves does the parasympathetic system use?
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vagus nerve (at the top of the spinal cord)
sacral region (bottom of spinal cord) |
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what nerves does the sympathetic system use?
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-a dozen different neural pathways from different sites on the spinal cord
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what was Walter Cannon's critique?
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-he critiqued Jame's theory
-said that bodily changes are produced by the brain and that they are similar during emotions such as anger and fear -referred to this as the "arousal response" |
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arousal response
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-coined by Walter Cannon
-adrenaline is released -shift of bodily resources to prepare for action -fight flight and sexual behavior |
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reasons why Walter Cannon's critique is incorrect
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the responses of the autonomic nervous system are:
1. too nonspecific to account for distinct emotions 2. too slow to cause the rapidness in which we experience emotion 3. the same reactions occur in many other states (fevers, cold exposure) 4. sensitivity to these changes isn't refined enough |
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what is the two factor theory of emotion?
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-coined by Schachter & Singer
-Arousal & Appraisal -results were never replicated |
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what are the lasting effects of the two-factor theory?
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1. interest in appraisal
2. when there is no obvious source for arousal, we tend to label & experience the arousal according to what is happening in the current situation |
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misattribution of arousal
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after physical exercise, people have greater emotional responses to stimuli after the initial arousal has subdued
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Directed Facial Action Task
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-Ekman, Levenson & Friesen (1983)
-tested heart rate, finger temperature and the galvanic skin response associated with certain emotions |
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what emotions elicited a heart rate increase?
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fear, anger, sadness
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what emotion elicited no heart rate increase?
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disgust
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what emotions elicited a strong galvanic skin response?
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fear & disgust
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what emotion triggered a greater finger temp?
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anger
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what were the conclusions of the directed facial action task?
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-4 negative emotions are all different in measures of autonomic activity
-this suggests that a one-arousal-fits-all model of autonomic activity is inadequate |
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the blush
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spontaneous reddening of the face, ears, neck and upper chest
-produced by increases in blood volume in the subcutaneous capillaries in those regions |
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according to Mark Leary, why do we blush?
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when we are the objects and recipients of undesirable social attention
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what autonomic processes go along with positive emotions?
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autonomic specificity is less developed
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what autonomic processes are associated with LAUGHING?
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exhalation
-shifts in respiration -changes in heart rate |
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what autonomic processes are associated with SMILING?
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-reduces heart rate
-calms individual |
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what are Vagal influences upon the parasympathetic nervous system associated with?
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social engagement
-altruistic emotions |
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Oveis, Sherman & Haidt Study (2004)
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-Ss watched either a person helping a homeless man or an amusing film
-both test groups produced increased physiological activity -participants who witnessed compassion displayed increased VAGAL TONE |
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Hohmann (1966) study
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-interviewed 25 adult men who suffered from spinal injuries (had lost all sensation, including bodily sensation below the injury)
-asked men about sexual feelings, anger, fear, grief, sentimentality and overall emotionality |
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what were the results of Hohmann's study?
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Ss experienced decreases in:
-sexual feelings -fear -anger Experienced increases in: -sentimentality **they experienced intense mental emotions while saying the bodily aspect had decreased |
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what is the core of an emotion?
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action readiness
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Wallbott & Scherer (1986)
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-students from 27 nations provided self-reports on emotional incidents
-they found actions to be specific to emotions -there were small differences in responses due to the native country of the subject |
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Sogon & Masutani (1989)
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-filmed 4 japanese actors (2 male, 2 female) from behind so faces were not visible
-filmed actions indicative of a range of emotions -American & Japanese Ss watched the films and chose from a list of words the one that best corresponded to each scene |
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what were the results of Sogon & Masutani's study?
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-recognition was 52% for Americans
-57% for Japanese -some patterns were recognized by both groups (some patterns may be universal) -emotions mark the junctures in our actions |
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what is a common side effect of ventromedial frontal cortex damage?
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-emotions become 'blunted'
-show inappropriate manners and a lack of concern for the well-being of others -suffer from 'pseudo-psychopathy' or 'acquired sociopathy' |
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Damasio's Somatic Marker Hypothesis
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-when we make decisions, some possibilities are emotionally "blocked off" and some are emotionally attractive
-emotional experiences are experienced as bodily reactions--->SOMATIC MARKERS |
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what cuts off access to somatic markers?
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damage to the ventromedial frontal cortex
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what evidence supports Damasio's somatic marker hypothesis?
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-patients (with ventromedial frontal cortex damage) with damage show little galvanic skin response
-they make self-destructive decisions |
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
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produces a three-dimensional image or picture of functional processes in the body
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functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
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measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow
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what are the limitations of PET & fMRI scans?
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-poor temporal resolution
-correlation does not equal causation -takes a long time -lacks synchrony |
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rostral
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near the front of the body
(rostral=nostril) |
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caudal
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near the back of the body
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dorsal
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back of the body
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ventral
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belly
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superior
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above, higher in position
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coronal
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relating to the crown of the head
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what are the levels of neural architecture?
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1. neurons
2. local circuits 3. subcortical nuclei 4. cortical regions 5. systems 6. systems of systems |
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hindbrain
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controls basic physiological processes
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pons
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controls human sleep
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medulla
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regulates cardiovascular activity
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cerebellum
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involved in controlling motor movement
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parts of the forebrain
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1. thalamus
2. hippocampus 3. hypothalamus |
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thalamus
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involved in integrating sensory information
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hippocampus
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critical for explicit memory processes
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hypothalamus
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regulates important biological functions like eating, sexual behavior, aggression, and bodily temperature
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what parts of the brain are part of the Papez Circuit?
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1. Cingulate gynus
2. hypothalamus 3. anterior thalamus 4. hippocampus |
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what parts of the brain are involved in the Limbic System?
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1. cingulate gynus
2. hypothalamus 3. anterior thalamus 4. hippocampus 5. amygdala 6. orbitofrontal cortex 7. parts of basal ganglia |
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what happened in the Damaso experiment in 2000?
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-asked Ss to recall and reexperience incidents of sadness, happiness, anger, and fear
-using PET found that brain regions in which activation increased were almost all subcortical, especially in the limbic system -neural activity decreased in the cortex when emotions are experienced |
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which two parts of the limbic system are heavily involved in emotions?
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1. amygdala
2. orbitofrontal cortex |
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how much of the human brain is taken up by the cortex?
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80%
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how thick is the cortex?
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1/10 of an inch thick
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what is the prefrontal cortex involved in?
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the representation of goals, rewards and approach & withdrawal tendencies
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orbitofrontal cortex
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-parts of the prefrontal cortex that form the base of the frontal lobe and leans on the upper wall of the orbit above the eyes
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ventromedial prefrontal cortex
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region damaged in Phineas Gage
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how to patients with damage to the OBF Cortex act?
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-responses are dependent on visual info, ignoring social cues
-have difficulty inhibiting inappropriate social responses such as aggressive impulses -mimic behaviors -they know what things are for & place emphasis on that -often show a change in personality, irresponsibility, and lack of concern for the present and future |
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what is reason guided by?
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the emotional evaluation of an action's consequences
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decisions on how to act require...
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an analysis of the costs and benefits of the options
-they rely on somatic markers of past experiences |
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what is the prefrontal cortex important for?
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the regulation of emotion
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what happens to the prefrontal cortex when people inhibit emotional responses to evocative stimuli?
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regions of the prefrontal cortex are activated
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Right side of the brain?
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-more closely associated with the processing of emotional events
-more dense connections to the amygdala -develops earlier during infancy -generally attuned for emotional processing, especially in activities that involved relations to others |
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left side of the brain?
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specialized for processing, which is
-verbal -symbolic -analytical |
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where are the mechanisms responsible for experience & expression of positive emotions found in the brain?
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left side
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where are the mechanisms for negative emotions found in the brain?
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right side
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physical facts about the amygdala
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-small/almond shaped
-in the temporal medial lobe -adjacent to anterior hippocampus |
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what area of the brain does Explicit Emotional Learning & Memory interact with?
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hippocampal memory system
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in what 2 ways does Explicit Emotional Learning & Memory interact with the hippocampus?
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1. necessary for indirect emotional responses whose emotional responses are learned
2. can enhance the strength of explicit memories for emotional events by modulating the storage of these memories |
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what is the amygdala NOT important for?
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MOST forms of explicit evaluation
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the amygdala is important for
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normal responses to facial expressions
-people with amygdala damage are impaired at evaluating facial expressions (especially fearful ones) -increases the readiness of cortical response systems when emotional stimuli is present |
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what is the central emotional computer for the brain?
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the amygdala
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what part of the brain receives input from regions of the cortex concerned with visual recognition of objects and recognition of sounds?
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the amygdala
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what other part of the limbic system has close connections with the hypothalamus?
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the amygdala
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what does Pavlovian Conditioning tell us about emotions/reactions?
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the condition that is learned is an emotion about what signals the important event
-readiness for something |
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which portion of the brain is responsible for assigning emotional significance to events?
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amygdala
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what is chronically increased activity of the amygdala associated with?
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depression
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viewing the activity of this portion of the brain helps predict if the person will recall an emotionally evocative stimuli
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amygdala
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this portion of the brain is involved in appraisal but not necessarily for the experience of emotions
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amygdala
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people with damage to the somatosensory cortex display what symptoms?
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-left-side paralysis of which they are unaware
-defect in reasoning & decision making -defect in emotion & feeling -never feel upset |
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insular cortex
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-represents the body
-enables a subjective emotional experience -has to do with conscious feeling -underlies self-awareness |
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what emotions are self-awareness necessary for?
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empathy & guilt
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protoreptilian formation
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-basal ganglia
-mid-brain -brainstem -cerebellum --helps to maintain a schedule -genetically encoded action plans for primitive survival (ex: feeding, aggression, dominance and sexuality) |
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paleomammalian formation
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-amygdala
hippocampus hypothalamus other limbic system structures --emotional & motivational systems (responses shaped by past experience, mediates social emotions, playfulness and maternal nurturance) |
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hypothalamus
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controls the automatic nervous system
-controls the pituitary gland & thusly the body's hormonal system |
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amygdala
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underlies fear and other processes previously mentioned
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septum
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tendency to approach
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each distinct emotion type is based on what?
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a particular system of limbic brain circuitry
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neomammalian
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-neocortex
-declarative knowledge about the world derived especially from sight, sound and touch |
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neurotransmitters
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released into synapses by nerve impulses from the end of a neuron's axon
-diffuse rapidly across synapse to activate or inhibit the terminal button |
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hormones
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-carried in the blood to affect organs sensitive to them
-take longer to act than neurotransmitters -their effects endure for a long period of time |
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what is the principle gland that controls most of the hormonal systems?
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the pituitary gland
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neuromodulators
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regulate the effectiveness of transmitter substances
-some have important emotional effects |
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can neuromodulators prevent cell death?
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yes
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low levels of serotonin are related to what?
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clinical states of depression
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nucleus accumbens
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lies at the front of cortical forebrain
-rich in dopamine and opioid neurotransmitter pathways -long been thought of as central to the experience of positive affect |
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"wanting"
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involves dopamine release
& the activation of the nucleus accumbens |
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what happens if someone's nucleus accumbens is lesioned?
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it reduces their motivation to work for reward
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"liking"
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opiates are central
-released during nursing, sexual activity, maternal social interaction and touch -produce a state of pleasant calmness |
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distal affiliative cues
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(ex: smile) trigger dopamine
-this promotes actions that bring individuals into close proximity to one another |
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where is oxytocin produced?
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the hypothalamus
-involved in lactation, maternal bonding and sexual interaction -promotes bonding behavior |
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oxytocin promotes love for one's....
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"in group"
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emotions visible in NEWBORNS
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crying
disgust |
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emotions visible after 1-2 months
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social smiles
-smiles with gentle stroking |
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emotions visible after 3 months
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smile more frequently in interaction with caregiver
-smile in response to same events as older children or adults |
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Lewis, Alessandri, & Sullivan (1990) study
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-condition 1: baby pulling string turns on music
condition 2: music plays independent of string -babies in condition 1 showed higher levels of interest & smiling conclusion: babies smile when they master skills |
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Hiatt, Campos, & Emde (1979) Study
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-studied happiness, fear and surprise in babies
-surprise occurred in a few different situations, other emotions were more specific |
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after what age does the fear of loud/sudden movements and unfamiliar toys decline?
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at the end of 1 year
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from where do infants tend to recognize emotional expressions first?
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their parents voices
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Harlow (1959)
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-monkey expirement
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emotions show that an interaction is either...
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going well or needs an adjustment
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Cohn & Tronick (1983)
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-examined what happened when mothers showed no emotions to their babies
-flat affect-->infants made more protests |
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what is one function of adult emotions in relation to children?
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to regulate interaction
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