Chapter 3

Front 1

Cell

Back 1

The structural and functional unit of life

Front 2

3 basic parts of a cell

Back 2

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

Front 3

Examples of extracellular fluids

Back 3

Interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid

Front 4

The plasma membrane has composed of...

Back 4

Membrane lipids, membrane proteins, glycocalyx, and cell junctions

Front 5

The lipid bilayer is made up of...

Back 5

75% phospholipids, 5% glycolipids, and 20% cholesterol

Front 6

Phosphate heads are...

Back 6

Hydrophilic (water-loving)

Front 7

Phospholipid tails are...

Back 7

Hydrophobic (water-hating) and nonpolar

Front 8

Glycocalyx consists of...

Back 8

Sugars sticking out of cell's surface

Front 9

3 types of cell junctions

Back 9

Tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions

Front 10

Tight junctions are...

Back 10

Found on integral proteins and form an impenetrable junction that encircles the whole cell

Front 11

Desmosomes are...

Back 11

A rivet-like cell junction further when linker proteins interlock proteins of neighboring cell like a zipper; allow give between cells reducing the possibility of tearing under tension

Front 12

Gap junctions are...

Back 12

Transmembrane protein connexons which form tunnels to allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell

Front 13

Two ways substances move across cell membrane

Back 13

Passive processes (no energy required) and active processes (ATP required)

Front 14

Two types of passive transport

Back 14

Diffusion and filtration

Front 15

3 types of diffusion

Back 15

Simple, facilitated, and osmosis

Front 16

2 types of facilitated diffusion

Back 16

Carrier-mediated and channel-mediated

Front 17

Simple diffusion allows________to pass through phospholipid barrier

Back 17

Nonpolar lipid-soluble substances (oxygen, carbon dioxide, fat soluble vitamins)

Front 18

Facilitated diffusion allows________to be transported

Back 18

Certain hydrophobic molecules (glucose, amino acids, and ions)

Front 19

Carriers are

Back 19

Transmembrane integral proteins

Front 20

Carriers are__________when all are bound to molecules and are busy transporting

Back 20

Saturated

Front 21

Two types of channels

Back 21

Leakage channels (always open) and gated channels (controlled by chemical or electrical signals)

Front 22

Osmosis

Back 22

Movement is solvent such as water across a selectively permeable membrane either through lipid bilayer or through specific water channels called aquaporins.

Front 23

Osmolarity

Back 23

Measure of total concentration of solute particles

Front 24

Hydrostatic pressure

Back 24

Pressure of water inside cell pushing on membrane

Front 25

Osmotic pressure

Back 25

Pressure of water outside cell pushing to move into cell by osmosis

Front 26

Isotonic solution

Back 26

Has same osmolarity as inside cell so volume remains unchanged

Front 27

Hypertonic solution

Back 27

Had higher osmolarity than inside cell so water flows out of cell resulting in shrinking

Front 28

Shrinking of cell is referred to as

Back 28

Crenation

Front 29

Hypotonic solution

Back 29

Had lower osmolarity than inside cell so water flows into cell resulting in swelling

Front 30

Nursing of cell referred to as

Back 30

Lysing

Front 31

Two major types of active membrane transport

Back 31

Active transport and vesicular transport

Front 32

Active transport requires_________ and _________

Back 32

ATP and carrier proteins

Front 33

2 types of carriers which transport more than one substance

Back 33

Antiporters (transports one substance in and one out) and Symporters (transports two different substances in same direction)

Front 34

Two types of active transport

Back 34

Primary and secondary

Front 35

Required energy comes directly from ATP hydrolysis

Back 35

Primary active transport

Front 36

Required energy is obtained indirectly from ionic gradients

Back 36

Secondary active transport

Front 37

3 types of vesicular transport

Back 37

Endocytosis, exocytosis, and transcytosis

Front 38

3 types of endocytosis

Back 38

Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis

Front 39

Phagocytosis

Back 39

Type of endocytosis referred to as cell-eating

Front 40

Pinocytosis

Back 40

Type of endocytosis referred to as cell-drinking

Front 41

Phagocytosis vesicle

Back 41

Phagosome

Front 42

Phagocytic cells move by

Back 42

An amoeboid motion

Front 43

Cell receptors are embedded in

Back 43

Clathrin-coated pits

Front 44

Exocytosis

Back 44

Process where material is ejected from cell

Front 45

Substance ejected from cell is enclosed in a

Back 45

Secretory vesicle

Front 46

Resting membrane potential is

Back 46

Electrical potential energy produced by separation of oppositely charged particles across plasma membrane in all cells

Front 47

Difference in electrical charge is called

Back 47

Voltage

Front 48

Cells that have charge are said to be

Back 48

Polarized

Front 49

Most cells have an RMP of around

Back 49

-90mV

Front 50

Cells interact with their environments by

Back 50

Responding directly to other cells or indirectly to extracellular chemicals

Front 51

Cell interactions always involve

Back 51

Glycocalyx

Front 52

Cells use these to communicate

Back 52

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and plasma membrane receptors

Front 53

Functions of CAMs include

Back 53

Anchoring cell, assisting in movement of cell's past one another, attracting WBCs to injured or infected areas, stimulating synthesis or degradation of adhesive membrane junctions, and transmitting intracellular signals

Front 54

Types of chemical signaling

Back 54

Contact signaling and chemical signaling

Front 55

Contact signaling

Back 55

Cells that touch recognize each other by each cells unique surface membrane receptors

Front 56

Chemical signaling

Back 56

Interaction between cells and ligands that cause changes in cellular activity

Front 57

Ligands

Back 57

Chemical messengers

Front 58

G-protein linked receptors

Back 58

Indirectly cause cellular changes by activating G proteins which in turn can affect ion channels, activate other enzymes, out cause release of internal second messenger chemicals

Front 59

Membraneous cell organelles include

Back 59

Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and lysosomes

Front 60

Non membranous cytoplasmic organelles include

Back 60

Ribosomes, cytoskeleton, and centrioles

Front 61

Function of mitochondria

Back 61

Produce most of the cells energy (ATP) molecules; inner membrane folds called cristae

Front 62

2 types of ribosomes

Back 62

Free ribosomes and membrane-bound ribosomes attached to rough ER

Front 63

Rough ER function

Back 63

Site of protein synthesis, plasma membrane proteins, and phospholipids

Front 64

Smooth ER function

Back 64

Lipid metabolism; absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats

Front 65

Golgi apparatus function

Back 65

Modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids; "traffic director"

Front 66

Peroxisomes

Back 66

Neutralize toxins such as free radicals using oxidase and catalase; breakdown and synthesis of fatty acids

Front 67

Lysosome function

Back 67

Cell digestion; autolysis

Front 68

Tay-Sachs disease

Back 68

A condition in which the patient lacks a lysosomal enzyme needed to break down glycolipids in brain cells

Front 69

3 types of rods make up cytoskeleton

Back 69

Microfilaments (thinnest), intermediate filaments, and microtubules (thickest)

Front 70

Microfilaments composed of semi flexible strands of

Back 70

Actin (protein)

Front 71

Intermediate filaments composed of

Back 71

Tough, insoluble, ropelike protein fibers called tetramer fibrils

Front 72

Microtubules composed of

Back 72

Protein subunits called tubulins

Front 73

Microtubules radiate from

Back 73

Centrosome area of cell

Front 74

Motor proteins

Back 74

Move substances throughout cell along microtubules powered by ATP

Front 75

Centrosome function

Back 75

Means "cell center"; is a microtubules organizing center consisting of a granular matrix of centrioles

Front 76

Cilla and flagella

Back 76

Aid in the movement of the cell or of materials across cell surface

Front 77

Microvilli

Back 77

Finger-like projections that extend from cell surface to increase cell surface area

Front 78

Most cells are_______

Back 78

Uninucleate

Front 79

Cells that are multinucleate include

Back 79

Skeletal muscle, certain bone cells, and some liver cells

Front 80

A type of anucleate cell

Back 80

Red blood cells

Front 81

3 main structures of nucleus

Back 81

Nuclear envelope, nucleoli, and chromatin

Front 82

Chromatin consists of

Back 82

30% DNA strands, 60% histone proteins, and 10% RNA

Front 83

Chromosomes

Back 83

Condensed chromatin

Front 84

2 major periods of cell cycle

Back 84

Interphase and cell division (mitotic phase)

Front 85

Interphase consists of these subphases

Back 85

G1 (growth and metabolism), or G0 if cell had permanently ceased dividing, S (synthetic/DNA replication), and G2 (preparation for division)