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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is culture?
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consists of:
meanings conceptions that are activated through participation in normative social institutions and practices -gives shape to the psychological processes in individuals in a society |
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what does "system of meaning" mean
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-ways of understanding and explaining what is going on in the world around us
ex: religious rituals, holidays, graduations, and marriage ceremonies |
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Romticism
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religious sensibility is based on how you FEEL rather than on authority
-people's natural emotions indicate what is right -in 1800, Romanticism became engrained into Western Culture **emotions became valued |
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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influenced the romantic movement
-wrote of how humans are inherently good |
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What were romantics fascinated by?
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the natural
-emphasized emotional experience |
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the cultural approach to emotions assumes that emotions are constructed by....
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the processes of culture
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does the cultural approach to emotions consider emotions to be universal?
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no
-they have an interest in the differences in emotions |
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What does the cultural approach to emotion considers emotions themselves to be?
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-ROLES that people fulfill to play out culture-specific identities and relationships
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True or false:
the independant self-construal approach considers the self to be a part of the group |
FALSE
-the self is considered autonomous and separate from the others -asserts one's distinctiveness and independence |
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how does the independent self-construal approach (individualism) explain human behavior?
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-the focus is on internal causes, such as one's own dispositions or preferences
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Does the independent self-construal approach (individualism) consider dispositions and preferences to be constantly changing?
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No, it believes that these are stable across time and social context
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What are the two self-construals?
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1. independent selves
2. interdependent selves |
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Interdependent Self-Construal (collectivism)
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-self is fundamentally connected with other people
-it is important to find one's status and role within the community and other collectives |
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how does the interdependent self-construal explain human behavior?
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-the emphasis is on social context and the situational influence on behavior
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when do interdependent cultures experience the most positive emotions?
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when they are involved in socially engaging situations
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when do independent cultures experience the most positive emotions?
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when they are in relatively disengaged situations
-personal accomplishments |
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how does the Values Approach understand cultural differences in emotion?
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in terms of differences in values
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what are values?
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broad principles that govern our social behavior
-governs how we, as member of a culture, coexist in communities and accomplish tasks like allocating resources |
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what should members of cultures that differ in the importance of specific values experience in regards to emotion?
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they emphasize different emotions due to their correlation with their values
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hypercognized
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emotion is recognized
-has special names -is the subject of social discussion |
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hypocognized
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emotions that are barely noticed in some cultures
-not conceptualized or commented on |
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
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-humans require language to think
-therefore we have only those experiences, thoughts, and perceptions for which we have words |
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according to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, can a person experience an emotion if they do not have a word for it?
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No
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How much evidence backs the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?
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Very little
-there is evidence in a weaker form: people might more readily experience or express an emotion for which they have a word than one which they lack a word |
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display emotions
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influences how and whom it is appropriate to express different emotions
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examples of display rules
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-when in a job interview, try not to act nervous
-laugh politely when the joke isnt funny |
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how do humans learn their display rules?
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from the people around us
-cultures vary somewhat in their rules and expectations |
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examples of cultural expectations for display rules
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-european and american adults (especially men) are discouraged from crying in public
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Ekman & Friesen Study
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-25 american males
-25 japanese males -watched graphic film clips alone and then watched graphic film clips with the interviewer staring at their reactions |
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what were the results of the Ekman & Friesen Study?
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when alone: they displayed similar facial expressions
when watched: japanese smiled more and inhibited their negative expressions more than the americans |
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what are some similarities between the evolutionary approach to emotion and the cultural approach?
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-both assume emotions contribute solutions to basic problems of social living
-both assume emotions help humans form attachments, take care of offspring, fold into hierarchies and maintain long-term friendships |
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what are some differences between the evolutionary approach to emotion and the cultural approach?
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-the evolutionary approach does not take one's culture into consideration, rather it views emotions as evolutionary adaptations that came about to ensure survival and stayed ingrained in us because they still have value
-evolutionary approach sees emotions as universal and not necessarily varied -different cultures have their own rules about how people should act when they experience an emotion, depending on the exact situation |
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five kinds of nonverbal behavior
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1. emblems
2. illustrator 3. regulator 4. self-adaptor 5. nonverbal expression/display of emotion |
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emblems
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nonverbal gestures that DIRECTLY translate into words
-over 800 emblems used throughout the world ex: middle finger |
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illustrator
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a nonverbal gesture that accompanies our speech and often makes it vivid and visual
** adds emphasis |
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regulator
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nonverbal behaviors we used to coordinate conversation
ex: people look and orient their bodies toward people whom they want to start talking |
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self-adaptor
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nervous behaviors people engage in with no seeming intention, as if simply to release energy
ex: jiggle their legs |
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nonverbal expression/displays of emotion
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signals in the face, body and touch that convey emotion
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encoding hypothesis
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if emotions are universal, the experience of different emotions should be associated with the same distinct facial expressions in every society worldwide
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decoding hypothesis
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if emotions are universal, people of different cultures should interpret these expressions in the same ways
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Ekman & Friesen study regarding 6 emotions
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-across 5 cultures participants achieved 80-90% accuracy in matching an emotions with a photo of a facial expression
-provides evidence fo Darwin's early studies |
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what 6 emotions did Ekman & Friesen consider universal?
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anger
fear disgust surprise happiness sadness |
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what are the three main critiques of the "Studies of Universal Facial Expressions"?
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1. gradient critique
2. forced choice critique 3. ecological validity |
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gradient critique
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facial expressions were not equally recognizable in all cultures
-happiness was universal, others not as much -emotions should be easily recognizable in order to prove the theory |
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forced choice critique
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-they yielded higher results because they allowed the participants to take educated guesses about expressions which they may have not known how to label
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ecological validity
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the expressions in the study were not really facial expressions people see in their everyday lives
-they were too exaggerated |
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what are four other emotions though tot possibly be universal?
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1. embarrassment
2. love 3. pride 4. sympathy & compassion |
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what are the three functions of facial expression in social interaction?
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1. informative
2. evocative 3. incentive |
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informative
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lets the individual you are speaking with know how you are feeling
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evocative
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facial expressions help evoke the same expression in the other person, causing shared understanding
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incentive
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for example, displays of positive emotion are often used as rewards for children
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cultural variation in facial behavior
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-ritualized displays of emotions
-regulating their expressive behavior according to culture specific display rules |
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ritualized displays of emotions
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stylized ways of expressing particular emotions
-cultures make take elements of an emotion display and elaborate on it--making the expression look different |
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regulating their expressive behavior according to culture specific display rules
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americans report less likely to control their emotions compared to people in Japan, South Korea, and Russia
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laughter
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-may have preceded language in its evolutionary emergence
-reflects a wide variety of different emotions -voiced laughs are perceived as more "attractive" |
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nonsense syllables
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when listening to nonsense syllables expressed in different emotions, hearers can judge 5 different emotions with an accuracy of ~70%
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what emotion do primates emit when they are threatened?
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their vocalizations resemble human fear vocalizations
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macaques omit what kind of human-like vocalization?
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infants utter coos when separated from mothers
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chimpanzees omit what kind of human-like vocalizations?
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they make sex sounds
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what are the four functions of touch?
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1. to soothe & reduce pain
2. to signal safety 3. reinforces reciprocity 4. provides pleasure |
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the "romantic hypothesis"
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sometimes we experience emotions that we do not fully understand
-these emotions inspire creative expression -art often takes form of an emotion and has the dynamic and thematic properties of emotion |
