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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the basic aspects of chemistry?
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1. Elements- all matter both living, non living is made of elements; substance made of only one type of atom.
2. Atoms- smallest part of an element -Protons- Positive Charge -Neutrons - Neutral Charge (found in the nucleus) -Electrons- Negative Charge (found outside the nucleus) |
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What are Chemical Bonds?
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not a structure, but rather a force or attraction b/w positive & negative electrical forces that keeps atoms close to each other to form a molecule
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What are the two types of Chemical Bonds?
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1. Ionic Bond- loss of 1 or more electrons by one atom, and the gain of the electron by another atom (i.e Na+, Cl-, Cl- gives electron to Na+)
2. Covalent Bonds- sharing of electrons between atoms (ex. water (H2o), Oxygen (O2), Carbon (C) |
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What are the electrolytes within body fluids?
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1. Cations- ions with a positive charge
2. Anions- ions with a negative charge |
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What are Chemical Reactions?
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a chemical reaction is a change brought about by the formation or breaking of chemical bonds.
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What are the 2 types of Chemical Reactions?
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1. Synthesis- requires ATP energy, bonds are formed to join 2 or more molecules to make a new compound
2. Decomposition- bonds are broken, large molecules becomes 2 or more smaller ones (i.e digestion of large molecules into smaller molecules) |
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What is an Inorganic Compound?
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inorganic compounds are usually simple molecules that often consist of only one or two different elements.
Water- water is a solvent (dissolves), and makes up 60-75% of the human body and is essential to life. |
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What are the Inorganic Compounds of the body?
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Water- made up of 60-75% of the body, essential for life and living, its a solvent (dissolves), lubricant, & changes temp slowly.
Oxygen- needed for cellular respiration (cells break down simple nutrients such as glucose in order to release energy) Carbon Dioxide- produced by cells as a waste of cell respiration (i.e increased co2 = acidosis r/t pulm. disease) Trace Elements- essential for the body in small amounts (calcium, iron, copper, sodium, potassium etc.) |
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What are the Water Compartments?
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All water is continually moving, but has specific body locations.
Intracellular Fluid (ICF)- water within the cells, about 65% of the total body water Extracellular (ECF)- all the rest of the water in the body; about 35% of the total. Plasma- water found in blood vessels. Lymph- water found in lymphatic vessels. Specialized Fluids- synovial fluid in joints, cerebrospinal fluid around the brain and spinal cord, aqueous humor in the eye |
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What is Cellular Respiration?
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energy production within the cells, involves respiratory gases, O2 & CO2
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What is an Acid and a Base?
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An acid is a substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a water solution.
A base is a substance that decreases the concentration of H+ ions. |
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What is pH?
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(parts hydrogen) the acidity or alkalinity (basicity) of a solution is measured on a scale of values called pH (range 0-14) 14 being the most alkaline. pH of 7 is neutral.
pH range of blood = 7.35-7.45 |
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What is an Organic Compound?
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organic compounds contain covalently bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms.
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What are the Organic Compounds of the body?
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Carbohydrates- serves as sources of energy in cell respiration, contains C, H, & O2.
Lipids- contains elements C, H, & O2 -True Fats- storage form for excess food molecules, cushions organs - Phospholipids- Part of cell membrane, forms myelin sheath around neurons - Steroids (cholesterol)- part of cell memebranes, converts to Vit. D in the skin, converted by the liver to bile salts (emulsifys fat), precursor for the steroid hormones such as estrogen in women or testosterone in men Proteins-made of smaller sub units or building blocks called amino acids |
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What are Enzymes and how do they work?
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Enzymes are catalysts which means that they speed up a chemical reaction without the need for an external source of energy such as heat.
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What is ATP?
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a specialized nucleotide that consists of the base adenine, the sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups. ATP is a product of cell respiration
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Describe the Alimentary Tube.
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aka the "Digestive Tract".
-Extends from the mouth to the anus. Consists of the oral cavity (teeth, tongue) Pharynx- no digestion takes place, FX: swallowing, food passageway Esophagus- takes food from pharynx to the stomach Stomach- Mechanical and Chemical digestion take place. Small intestine Large intestine |
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What are the Accessory Organs?
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Teeth, tongue
Salivary glands- 3 types, parotid, submandibular, sublingual, the digestive enzyme is Amalyse, which breaks down starch molecules Liver gallbladder, & pancreas. |
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What are the 2 types of Digestion?
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Mechanical- physical breaking up food into smaller pieces. ex. chewing
Chemical- work of digestive enzymes, broken up food particles, complex chemicals changed into simpler chemicals that the body can utilize. |
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What are the structural layers of the Alimentary Tube?
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1st layer - Mucosa - epithelial tissue, connective, and smooth muscle
2nd layer-Submucosa- connective tissue with many blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. 3rd layer- External Muscle Layer- two layers of smooth muscle 4th layer- serosa- the outer most layer made of fibrous connective tissue |
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What are the 4 types of cells of the stomach?
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Mucous cells- secrete mucous, which coats the stomach lining and prevents erosion by gastric juice.
Cheif Cells- secrete pepsinogen, an inactive form of pepsin. Parietal Cells- produce hydrochloric acid, these cells have enzymes called proton pumps, which secrete H+ ions into the stomach. G Cells- secretes gastrin, a hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric juice. |
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What is the role of the small intestine?
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Completes digestion, contains the duodenum, jejunum, and ilieum.
The small intestine is always contracted and is therefore somewhat shorter. |
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What is the role of the Large Intestine?
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aka the colon, contains the cecum and the ileocecal valve.
Water and undigested food pass into the cecum, the ileocecal valve is pressed flat during peristalsis which prevents backflow of feces. |
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What else does the liver do?
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Structural unit= liver lobule has sinusoids that recieve blood from both the hepatic artery and portal vein.
Main function: production of bile, produced by liver cells. Bile is mostly water and has an excretory function that it carries bilirubin and excess cholesterol to the intestines for the elimination of feces. The digestive function: accomplished by bile salts, which emulsify fats in the small intestine |
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What is the function of the gallbladder?
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Bile from the hepatic duct flows through the cystic duct in the gallbladder and stores bile until it is needed in the small intestine.
Cholecystokinin- hormone that stimulates contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall of the gallbladder which forces bile into the cystic duct |
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What does the Pancreas do?
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Produces a hormone called insulin that regulates blood glucose (endocrine). The exocrine glands produce acini, which produce enzymes that are involved in the digestion of all three types of complex food molecules.
Produces: Amalyse- enzyme that digests starch to maltose. Lipase- converts emulsified fats to fatty acids and glycerol Trypsinogen- inactive enzyme that changes to trypsin, which digests polypeptides Bicarbonate Juice- alkaline, which neutralizes acidic gastric juice |
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What is the process of defication?
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Made up of: Cellulose & other undigestible materials, dead & living bacteria, water
How its done: colon moves feces along by contracting waves of peristalsis presence of food and subsequent peristalsis stimulate contractions of the colon (enteric NS) Accomplished by defication reflex, internal anal sphincter, which then relaxes and allows defication to take place |
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What is the normal range for body temperature?
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96.5 - 99.5
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What are the principles of heat production?
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Cellular respiration, which requires ATP; which also produces heat as one of its energy products.
Thyroxine: increases use of foods for ATP production, thereby increasing heat production Epinephrine- important in stress situations, increases metabolic activity in organs, which increase ATP Skeletal Muscles- normal muscle tone requires ATP Liver- Always metabolically active Food intake- Increases activity in the GI tract Higher body temperature- increases metabolic rate |
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What are the ways the body loses heat?
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Radiation- heat from the body transferred to cooler areas
Conduction- loss of heat to cooler air objects (i.e clothing touching skin) Convection- air currents move warm air away (i.e fans) Evaporation- sweat via water loss |
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What organ regulates body temperature?
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Hypothalamus- regulates body temp with special neurons that detect change
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What are mechanisms to increase heat loss?
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Warm environments stimulate vasodilation which inhibits sweating
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What are mechanisms to conserve heat?
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Vasoconstriction, when bodies core temp reaches 97, shivering increases to produce heat production.
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What is fever?
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an abnormally high body temperature r/t infection, physical trauma, cancer, or damage to the CNS.
The substance that causes fever is pyrogens, which include bacteria and foreign proteins, that chemically affect the hypothalamus |
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What are the types of metabolism?
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Anabolism (synthesis)- formation of small molecules to larger ones.
Catabolism (decompostition)- breaking bonds, larger molecules to smaller ones. Cell Respiration- purpose is to produce ATP. |
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What do Folic Acid, A, D,E and K Vitamins do?
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Folic Acid- synthesis of DNA, contributes to development of fetal CNS
A- synthesis of rhodopsin, calcification of growing bones,maintenance of epithelial tissues D- absorbs calcium and phosphorus in the SM. Intest., contributes to immune responses, action of insulin, preserves muscle mass E- antioxidant, prevents destruction of cell membranes, contributes to wound healing K- synthesis of prothrombin and other clotting factors |
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What are the water and fat soluble vitamins?
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Water- Fat-
B A D D C E Folic Acid K |
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What is metabolic rate?
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the amount of heat production.
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What is BMR?
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Basal Metabolic Rate. energy required for living.
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Minerals.
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Calcium- formation of bones and teeth, neuron and muscle functioning, blood clotting
Phosphorus- formation of bones and teeth, part of DNA, RNA, and ATP, part of phosphate buffer system Sodium- contributes to osmotic pressure of body fluids, nerve impulse contraction, part of bicarbonate buffer system Potassium- contributes to osmotic pressure of body fluids, part of HCl in gastric juice Iron- part of hemoglobin and myoglobin, part of cytochroms in cell respiration iodine- part of thyroxine and t3 |
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What is the regulation of water intake and output?
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Hypothalamus controls the osmolarity of body fluids using osmoreceptors.
The body requires 1600 mL/day Increased output must be compensated by an increase of intake. |
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What are the important electrolytes of the body and where are they most abundant?
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Sodium - neurons and muscle cells
ECF Potassium- electrical activity of neurons and muscle cells (ICF) Calcium- essential for blood clotting, maintains normal excitability |
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What is the purpose of a buffer system?
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prevent drastic changes in the pH of body fluids by chemically reacting with strong acids or bases that would greatly change pH.
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What are the types of buffer systems?
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Bicarbonate, Protein, and Phosphate buffer systems.
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Destruction of platelets
Autoimmune Causes |
ITP
SLE Pregnancy Drug related |
